
















bK 



^*, 







^ 

^** 



.vsfcv. v.* .isSfifc V^i 











W 








**. e$ o\^ ^^"«. <*£, jV 




# I *» r 










fc * «a^ 4, **§»,£*•_ "P. 



0? o< 





V^ 









"oV 



>°^k 




;- ** * •• 






* A 













ABRIDGMENT 



ADAM'S LATIN GRAMMAR. 



AN 



ABRIDGMENT 



iDAM'S latin grammar. 



DESIGNED FOR THE 



USE OF BEGINNERS. 



v% . • 



A NEW EDITION, 
CORRECTED AND IMPROVED. 




CAMBRIDGE: 

BROWN, SHATTUCK, AND CO., 

BOOKSELLERS TO THE UNIVERSITY. 

BOSTON : 

HILLIARD, GRAY, AND CO. 

1832. 



^h 






Entered according to the act of Congress in the year 1832, 

by Brown, Shattuck, & Co. 

in the Clerk's office of the District Court of the District of Massachusetts. 



y £M 



CAMBRIDGE : 
E. W. METCALF AND COMPANY, 

Printers to the University. 



PREFACE, 



The Latin Grammar of Dr. Adam was 
recommended by our University above 
thirty years ago; and"] from that period 
has been almost exclusively made use of in 
this part of the United States. It is indeed 
an excellent introductory book, and almost 
-every ihing material in the larger Latin 
Grammars may be found in it. 

It is however too large a book to put in- 
to the hands of the younger classes. The 
teacher is troubled to make the proper se- 
lections, and the attention of the pupil dis- 
tracted between what he has to learn and 
what he may omit. What is wanted to 
put into the hands of our younger pupils, 
is a grammar short and intelligible, without 



VI PREFACE. 



notes or explanations, in a clear, distinct 
type, and containing little except what is 
to be committed to memory and learned 
with the greatest accuracy. 

It may perhaps be thought that the pre- 
sent abridgment errs in being still too copi- 
ous. This error, if it be one, is not great, 
and may be corrected without difficulty by 
the pencil of the master. A boy of tolera- 
ble parts, of eight or nine years of age, in 
the space of two years and without im- 
proper urging, will be able to commit the 
whole to memory, and to understand the 
application of the rules, by having gone 
through Valpy's Latin Delectus and one or 
two other elementary books. This know- 
ledge, if deeply fixed in his mind by contin- 
ual parsing, he will hardly ever lose : and 
this is no small acquisition ; though it may 
appear so to those, who have in the same 
time carried their pupils through several 
books of Virgil. 

Care has been taken to mark the quan- 
tity of every word where there can be dan- 
ger of mistake. This is a point of conside- 



PREFACE. 



rable importance, but too much neglected 
in many of our schools. No scholar should 
ever be permitted to pronounce a word in 
the grammar with a false quantity. 

If this Grammar be acceptable to teachers 
and useful to their younger pupils, the pub- 
lisher will have obtained his object. 

W. W. 

■ Boston, 1824. 



ADVERTISEMENT. 



The present edition has been carefully revised and 
corrected, a few concise rules are given for the right 
Pronunciation of Latin, and the quantity of the pen- 
ultimate vowel is marked in every word throughout 
the book, where it is not determined by being placed 
before another vowel, a double consonant, or two sin^ 
gle ones. The rules for pronunciation are founded 
on the system of Walker ; and are agreeable to the 
usage of the University at Cambridge. 

Cambridge, 1832. 



CONTENTS 



Page. 
Pronunciation of Latin, x. 

Part I. Orthography, 

which treats of Letters, . 1 
Diphthongs, ... 2 

Part II. Etymology, 
which treats of Words, . 3 

Division of Words or Parts 
of Speech, - . . 4 

I. Noun or Substantive, . 4 
Latin Nouns, . . 5 
Declension of Nouns, . 6 
Gender of Nouns, . 7 
First Declension, . . 8 
Second Declension, . 10 
Third Declension, . . 14 
Fourth Declension, . 22 
Fifth Declension, . . 24 
Irregular Nouns, . 25 

Division of Nouns, accord- 
ing to their signification 
and derivation, . .29 

Adjective, ... SO 
Numeral Adjectives, . . 35 
Comparison of Adjectives, 40 

Pronoun, ... 43 
Compound Pronouns, . 48 

Verb, . . . .51 
Conjugation of Verbs, . 54 
First Conjugation, . . 59 
Second Conjugation, . C5 
Third Conjugation, . 71 
Fourth Conjugation, . 84 
Formation of Verbs, . 90 
Deponent and Common 

Verbs, ... 93 
Irregular Verbs, . . 94 

Defective Verbs. . 103 





Page. 


Impersonal Verbs, 


106 


Redundant Verbs, 


108 


Derivation and Composi 


- 


tion of Verbs, . 


115 


IV. Participle, 


109 


V. Adverb, 


112 


VI. Preposition, . 


112 


VII. Interjection, . 


115 


Vill. Conjunction, 


115 



Part III. Syntax, or 
Construction, which 
treats of Sentences, . 116 

Division of Sentences into 
Simple and Compound, 117 

Simple Sentences, . . 117 

Concord or Agreement of 
Words in Simple Sen- 
tences, . . . 118 

Government' of Words in 
in Simple Sentences 121 
I. Government of Sub- 
stantives . .121 

II. Government of Adjec- 
tives, . . 123 

III. Government of Verbs, 127 

1. Verbs governing one 

Case. . . .127 

2. Verbs governing two 

Cases, . . 131 
Construction of Passive 
Verbs, . . .133 

of Impersonal Verbs, 133 
of the Infinitive, . 135 

of Participles, . 135 

of Gerunds, . . 135 

of Supines, . . 137 
of Adverbs, . .137 



CONTENTS. 



Page. 

Government of Adverbs, 138 

Construction of Preposi- 
tions . . . .138 

Construction of Interjec- 
tions ... 139 

Construction of Circum- 
stances, . . . 140 

1. Price, ;-■-'•■-. , 140 

2. Manner and Cause, 140 

3. Place, . . .140 

4. Measure and Dis- 

tance, . . 143 

5. Time, . . .143 
Compound Sentences, . 144 
Sentences are compound- 
ed by Relatives and 
Conjunctions, . . 144 

Construction of Relatives, 144 
of Conjunctions, 146 
of Comparatives, 147 

The Ablative Absolute, . 148 



Page, 
Appendix to Syntax. 

1. Figurative Construc- 
tion, or Figures of 
Syntax, . . .149 

Part IV. Prosody, which 
treats of the Quantity 
of Syllables, of Accent, 
and Verse, . . . 150 

Quantity of Syllables, . 150 

1. Quantity of First and 
Middle Syllables, . 152 

2. Quantity of Final Syl- 
lables, , . . 153 

Quantity of Derivatives 
and Compounds, . 154 
Verse, . . . 154 

The Measuring of Verses 

by Feet, or Scanning, 155 
Division of the Roman 

Months, . . 155 



THE 

PRONUNCIATION OF LATIN. 

Rules for the Accent. 

I. In all Words of two syllables, the first is accent- 
ed, without regard to quantity ; as, homo, bellum, erat. 

II. In words of more than two syllables, if the 
penult be long in quantity, it is accented ; if short, the 
antepenult is accented ; as, radicis, amicus ; temporis, 
consulis. 

Obs. In prose, when the penult is common, the antepenult 
receives the accent ; but in poetry it is placed where the verse 
requires it. 

Rules for the Sound of the Vowel. 

I. Every vowel has either the long or the short 
sound which it has in English, except a in the end of 
a word of more than one syllable ; where it is sound- 
ed broad, like ah in Ramah; as, fama, penna. 

The diphthongs c& & ce, ending a syllable with the accent on 
it, are pronounced like the long English e ; as, Ccesar, (Eta, as 
if written Ceesar,Eta; and like short e, when they are followed 
by a consonant in the same syllable ; as, Dceddlus, QZdipus, as 
if written Deddalus, Eddipus. 

II. In monosyllables, when the vowel is the final 
letter, it has the long sound ; as, da, me, si, do, tu ; 
but otherwise the short sound ; as, ac, sed, in, ob, hue. 

Obs. All terminations in es, and plural cases in os, both in 
monosyllables and polysyllables, are in England and in this 
country usually pronounced long; as, es, pes, homines; nos, 
hos, populos. 

III. If the penult be accented, its vowel before 
another vowel, or a single consonant, is long in its 



Xll PRONUNCIATION OP LATIN. 

sound ; but before two consonants or the double con- 
sonant %) it has the short sound ; as, mater, fides? 
pietdtis ; which are long : tandem, long its, mundus y 
respondens, buxus ; which have the short sound. 

IV. If the antepenult be accented, its vowel has the 
short sound ; as, dtdvis, edlte, regihas, temporihus. 

Exc. 1. When u comes before a single consonant^ 
and when any accented vowel comes before another 
vowel, it has the long sound ; as judices, consulibus;. 
oceamts, parities^ mulieres. 

Exc. 2. When the vowel of the penult is e or i be- 
fore another vowel, the antepenultimate vowel, except 
i, has the long sound ; as. doceo, aggredior, pal&tium. 

V. An accented vowel before a mute and a liquid 
has usually the long sound ; as, sacra, muliebribus, 
pdtria. 



RUDIMENTS 



OF 



LATIN GRAMMAR, 



Grammar is the art of speaking and 
writing correctly. 

Latin Grammar is the art of speaking and 
writing the Latin language correctly. 

The Rudiments of Grammar are plain and 
easy instructions, teaching beginners the first 
principles and rules of it. 

Grammar treats of sentences, and the seve- 
ral parts of which they are compounded. 

Sentences consists of words ; Words con- 
sist of one or more syllables ; Syllables of 
one or more letters. So that Letters, Syl- 
lables, Words, and Sentences make up the 
whole subject of Grammar. 

LETTERS. 

A letter is the mark of a sound, or of an 
articulation of sound. 
1 



% A DIPHTHONGS. 

That part of Grammar which treats of 
letters, is called Orthography. 

The letters in Latin are twenty-five. 

In English there is one letter more, namely "W. 

Letters are divided into Vowels and Con- 
sonants. 

Six are vowels ; a, e, i, o, u, y. All the 
rest are consonants. 

A vowel makes a full sound by itself; 
as, a, e. 

A consonant cannot make a perfect sound 
without a vowel ; as, 6, d. 

A vowel is properly called a simple sound; and 
the sounds formed by the concourse of vowels and 
consonants, articulate sounds. 

DIPHTHONGS. 

A Diphthong is two vowels joined in one 
sound. 

If the sound of both vowels be distinctly heard, 
it is called a Proper Diphthong ; if not, an Im- 
proper Diphthong. 

The proper diphthongs in Latin are commonly 
reckoned three ; au, eu, ei ; as in aurum 9 Eurus, 
omneis. To these some, not improperly, add oth- 
er three; namely, ai, as in Maia; oi, as in Troia; 
and ui 9 as in Harpuia, or in cui, and huic, when 
pronounced as monosyllables. 

The improper diphthongs in Latin are two ; ae, 
or when the vowels are written together, ce ; as aetas, 
or cetas ; oe, or oz ; as poena, or poena ; in both of 



SYLLABLES AND WORDS. 



which the sound of the e only is heard. The an- 
cients commonly wrote the vowels separately, thus, 
aetas, poena. 

A long syllable is thus marked [-] ; as, 
amare ; or with a circumflex accent thus, 
[ A ] ; as, amdris. A short syllable is mark- 
ed thus, [ v ] ; as, omnibus. 

WORDS. 

Words are articulate sounds significant 
of thought. 

That part of Grammar which treats of 
words, is called Etymology, or Analogy. 

L All words whatever are either simple or com- 
pound, primitive or derivative. 

The division of words into simple and compound, 
is called their Figure ; into primitive and deriva- 
tive, their Species or Kind, 

A simple word is that which is not made up of 
more than one ; as, pius, pious : ego, I ; doceo, I 
teach. 

A compound word is that which is made up of 
two or more words; or of one word and some syl- 



Words consisting of one syllable are called Monosyllables ; 
of two, Dissyllables ; and of more than two, Polysyllables. But 
all words of more than one syllable are commonly called Poly- 
syllables. 

In dividing words into syllables, we are chiefly to be directed 
by the ear. Compound words should be divided into the parts 
of which they are made up ; as. up-on, with-out, &c. and so in 
Latin words, ab-utor, in-ops, propter-ea, et-enim, vel-ut, &c In 
like manner, when a syllable is added in the formation of the 
English verb, as, lov-ed, lov-ing, lov-eth, will-ing, &c. 



4 NOUNS SUBSTANTIVE, 

lable added ; as, impius, impious ; dedoceo, I un- 
teach ; egomet, I myself. 

A primitive word is that which comes from no 
other ; as, pius, pious ; disco, tfesfrr; doceo, fcifcajch. 

A . derivative word is that which cornes from 
another word ; as, pietas, ^etj [ d octrina, l&axajng. 

The different classes intownicri we divideworats, 
are called Parts of Speech. 

PARTS OF SPEECH. 

The parts of speech in Latin are eight ; 
1". JYoun, Pronoun, Verb, Participle; de- 
clined : 2. Adverb, Preposition, Interjection, 
and Conjunction; undeclined, 

NOUN. 
A noun is either substantive or adjective. 

SUBSTANTIVE. 

A Substantive or Noun is the name of 
any person, place, or thing ; as, boy, school, 
book. 

Substantives are of two sorts ; proper and com- 
mon names. 

Proper names are the names appropriated to indi- 
viduals; as the names of persons and places; such 
are Ccesar, Rome. 

Common names stand for whole kinds, containing 
several sorts; or for sorts, containing many indi- 
viduals under them ; as, animal, man, beast, jisli, 
foicl, &LC. 

When we speak of things, we consider them as 



LATIN NOUNS. 5 

one or more. This is what we call Number. When 
one thing is spoken of, a noun is said to be of the 
singular number ; when two or more, of the plural. 

Things considered according to their kinds, are 
either male or female, or neither of the two. Males 
are said to be of the masculine gender; females of 
the feminine ; and all other things of the neuter 
gender. 

Such nouns as are applied to signify either the 
male or the female, are said to be of the common 
gender; that is, either masculine or feminine. 

LATIN NOUNS. 

A Latin noun is declined by Genders, 
Cases, and Numbers* 

There are three genders, Masculine, 
Feminine, and Neuter. 

The cases are six, Nominative, Genitive, 
Dative, Accusative, Vocative, and Ablative. 

There are two numbers, Singular and 
Plural. 

There are five different ways of varying 
or declining nouns, called the first, second, 
third, fourth, and fifth declensions. 

Cases are certain changes made upon the termina- 
tion of nouns, to express the relation of one thing to 
another. 

They are so called, from cado, to fall ; because 
they fall, as it were, from the nominative ; which is 
therefore named casus rectus, the straight case ; and 
the other cases, casus obliqui, the oblique cases. 

The different declensions may be distinguished 
from one another by the termination of the genitive 



6 GENERAL RULES OF DECLENSION. 

singular. The first declension has <b diphthong ; 
the second has i ; the third has is ; the fourth has 
us ; and the fifth has ei in the genitive. 

Although Latin nouns, be said to have six cases, 
yet none of them have that number of different ter- 
minations, both in the singular and plural. 

General Rules of Declension. 

1. Nouns of the neuter gender have the 
Accusative and Vocative like the Nomina- 
tive, in both numbers ; and these cases in 
the plural end always in a. 

2. The Dative and Ablative plural end 
always alike. 

3. The Vocative for the most part in 
the singular, and always in the plural, is the 
same with the Nominative, 

4. Proper names for the most part want 
the plural : 

Unless several of the same name be spoken of; 
as, duodecim Ccesdres, the twelve Caesars. 

The cases of Latin nouns are thus expressed in 
English ; 

1. With the indefinite article, a king. 

Singular. Plural. 

Nom. a Icing, Nom. kings, 

Gen. of a king, Gen. of kings, 

Dat. to or for a king, Dat. to or for kings, 

Ace. a king, Ace. kings, 

Voc. O king, Voc. O kings, 

Abl. with, from, in, by, Abl. with, from, in, by, 
a king. kings. 



GENDER OP NOUNS. 

2. With the definite article, the king. 



Singular. 


Plural. 


Nom. the Icing , 


Nom. the kings, 


Gen. of the king, 


Gen. of the kings, 


Dat. to or for the king, 


Dat. to ox for the kings, 


Ace. the king, 


Ace. the kings, 


Voc. O king, 


Voc. O kings, 


Abl. ioith,from, in, by, 


Abl. with, from, in, by, 


the king. 

■ 


the kings. 


GENDER. 



Nouns in Latin are said to be of different genders, 
not merely from the distinction of sex, but chiefly 
from their being joined with an adjective of one ter- 
mination, and not of another. Thus, penna, a pen, 
is said to be feminine, because ij is always joined 
with an adjective in that termination which is ap- 
plied to females ; as, bona penna, a good pen, and 
not bonus penna. 

The gender of nouns which signify things without 
life, depends on their termination, and different de- 
clension. 

To distinguish the different genders, grammarians 
make use of the pronoun hie, to mark the masculine; 
hcec, the feminine ; and hoc, the neuter. 

General Rules concerning Gender. 

1. Names of males are masculine ; as, 

Homerus, Homer ; pater, a father ; poeta, a poet. 

2. Names of females are feminine ; as, 

Helena, Helen ; mulier, a woman ; uxor, a wife ; 
mater, a mother ; soror, a sister ; Tellus, the goddess 
of the earth. 



8 FIRST DECLENSION. 

3. Nouns which signify either the male 
or female, are of the common gender; that 
is, either masculine or feminine; as, 

Hie bos, an ox ; haec bos, a cow : hie parens, a fa- 
ther ; haec parens, a mother. 

4. Nouns which are sometimes found in 
one gender and sometimes in another, with- 
out reference to the sense, are of the doubt- 
ful gender ; as, 

Dies, a day /either masculine or feminine ; vulgus, 
the rabble, either masculine or neuter. 

FIRST DECLENSION. 

Nouns of thQ first declension end in a, e, 
as, es. 

Latin nouns end only in a, and are of the 
feminine gender. 

Penna, a pen, fern. 
Singular. Plural. 

J\T. penna, a pen ; JY. pennae, pens; 

G. pennae, of a pen; G. ipennarum,ofpens; 
D. pennae, to a pen; D. pennis, to pens ; 
A. pennam, a pen; A. pennas, pens; 
V. penna, Open; V. pennae, Opens; 
A. penna, with a pen. A. pennis, with pens. 



EXCEPTIONS. 



Exc. 1. The following nouns are masculine : Ha- 
dria, the Hadriatic sea ; cometa, a comet ; planeta, a 
planet ; and sometimes talpa, a mole ; and ddma, a 
fallow-deer. Pascha, the passover, is neuter. 



FIRST DECLENSION. 9 

Exc. 2. The ancient Latins sometimes formed 
the genitive singular in di ; thus, aula, a hall, gen. 
auldi. And sometimes likewise in as ; which form 
the compounds of fdmtlia usually retain; as, mater- 
faniilias, the mistress of a family ; genit. matris-fa- 
milias ; nom. plur. matres-familias , or matres-familid- 
rum. 

Exc. 3. The following nouns have more fre- 
quently dbus in the dative and ablative plural, to 
distinguish them in these cases from masculines in 
us of the second declension : 

Anima, the soul, the life Filia, & Nata, a daughter 
Dea, a goddess Liberta, a freed woman 

Equa, a mare Mula, a she-mule 

Famiila, a female servant 

Thus dedbus, flidbus, rather than flits, &c. 

Greek Nouns. 

Nouns in as, es, and e of the first declension, are 
Greek. Nouns in as and es are masculine ; nouns 
in e are feminine. 

Nouns in as are declined like penna ; only they 
have am or an in the accusative : as, JEneas, JEneas, 
the name of a man ; gen. JEnece ; dat. -<z ; ace. -am 
or an ; voc. -« ; abl. a. So Boreas, -ea, the north 
wind ; Tiaras, -ce, a turban. In prose they have 
commonly am, but in poetry oftener an, in the accu- 
sative. Greek nouns in a have sometimes also an 
in the ace. in poetry ; as, Ossa, -am or -an, the 
name of a mountain. 

Nons in es and e are thus declined : 

Anchises, Anchises, the name of a man. 

Singular. 
Nom. Anchises, Ace. Anchisen, 

Gen. Anchisae, Voc. Anchise, 

Dat. Anchisse, Abl. Anchise. 



10 SECOND DECLENSION. 

Penelope, Penelope, the name of a woman. 

Singular. 
Norn. Penelope, Ace. Penelopen, 

Gen. Penelopes, Voc. Penelope, 

Dat. Penelope, AbL Penelope. 

These nouns, being proper names, want the plural, 
unless when several of the same name are spoken of, 
and then they are declined like the plural of penna. 

The Latins frequently turn Greek nouns in es and 
e into a; as, Atrida, for Atrides; Persa for Perses, a 
Persian ; geometra, for -tres, a geometrician ; Circa, 
for Circe ; epitoma, for -me, an abridgment ; gram- 
matica, for -ce, grammar ; rhetorica, for -ce, oratory. 
So Clinia for Clinias, &>c. The accusative of nouns 
in es and e is found sometimes in em. 

SECOND DECLENSION. 

Nouns of the second declension end in 
er, ir, ur, us, urn, os, on. 

Nouns in um and on are neuter ; the rest 
are masculine. 

Gener, a son-in-law, masc. 

Singular. 

JYom. gener, a son-in-law, 

Gen. generi, of a son-in-law, 

Dat. genero, to a son-in-law, 

Ace. generum, a son-in-law, 

Voc. gener, son-in-law, 
Abl. genero, from, with, or by, a son-in-law. 



SECOND DECLENSION. 11 

Plural. 

JYom. generi, sons-in-law, 

Gen. generorum, of sons-in-law, 

Dat. generis, to sons-in-laiv, 

Ace. generos, sons-in-law, 

Voc. generi, sons-in-law, 

Abl. generis, with, from, or by, sons-in-law. 

Ager, a field, masc. 
Singular. 



JYom. ager, 




a field, 


Gen. agri, 


of 


a field, 


Dat. agro, 


to 


a field, 


Ace. agrum, 




a field, 


Voc. ager, 





field, 


Abl. agro, 


with, from, 
Plural. 


or by, a field. 


JYom. agri, 




fields, 


Gen. agrorum, 


of 


fields, 


Dat. agris, 


to 


fields, 


Ace. agros, 




fields, 


Voc. agri, 





fields, 


Abl. agris,*- 


with, from 


, or by, fields. 



* Also liber, the bark of a tree, or a book, which has libri ; 
but liber, free, an adjective, and Liber, a name of Bacchus, the 
god of wine, have liberi. So likewise proper names, Alexan- 
der, Evander, Periander, Menander, Teucer, Meleager, &c. gen. 
AUxandri, Evandri, &c. 



12 SECOND DECLENSION. 

Dominus, a Lord, masc. 
Singular. 
JYom. dominus, a lord, 

Gen. domini, of a lord, 

Dat. domino, to a lord, 

Ace. dommum, a lord, 

Voc. domine, lord, 

Jlbl. domino, with, from, or by, a lord. 

Plural. 

Nom. domini, lords, 

Gen. dominorum, of lords, 

Dat. dominis, to lords, 

Ace. dominos, lords, 

Voc. domini, lords, 

Abl. dominis, with, from, or by, lords. 

Regnum, a kingdom, neut. 

Singular. 

JYom. regnum, a kingdom, 

Gen. regni, of a kingdom, 

Dat. regno, to a kingdom, 

Ace. regnum, a kingdom, 

Voc. regnum, kingdom, 

Abl. regno, with, from, or by, a kingdom. 

Plural. 
JYom. regna, kingdoms, 

Gen. regnorum, of kingdoms, 

Dat. regnis, to kingdoms, 

Ace. regna, kingdoms, 

Voc. regna, kingdoms, 

Abl. regnis, with, from, or by, kingdoms. 



SECOND DECLENSION. 13 

Exceptions in Gender. 

Exc. 1. The following nouns in us are feminine, 
humus, the ground : alvus, the belly ; vannus, a sieve. 

Exc. 2. The nouns which follow are either mas- 
culine or feminine : 

Atomus, an atom. Colus, a distaff. 

Balanus, the fruit of the Grossus, a green fig. 

palm-tree, ointment. Penus, a store-house, 

Barbitus, a harp. Phaselus, a little ship. 

Camelus, a camel. 

Exc. 3. Virus, poison ; peldgus, the sea, are neu- 
ter. 

Exc. 4. Vulgus, the common people, is either 
masculine or neuter, but oftener neuter. 

Exceptions in Declension. 

Proper names in ius lose us in the voca- 
tive ; as, 

Hordtius, Hordti ; Virgilius, Virgili ; Georgius, 
Georgi, names of men; Lidrius, Ldri ; Mincius, 
Minci, names of lakes. Filius, a son, also hath fill; 
genius, one's guardian angel, geni ; and deus, a god, 
hath deus, in the voc. and in the plural more fre- 
quently dii and diis, than d'ei and dels. Meus, my, 
an adjective pronoun, hath mi, and sometimes meus, 
in the vocative. 

Greek Nouns. 

Os and on are Greek terminations ; as, Alpheus, a 
river in Greece ; Ilion, the city Troy ; and are 
often changed into us and urn, by the Latins; Alphe- 
us, Uium, which are declined like dominus and reg- 
num. 

2 



14 THIRD DECLENSION. 

THIRD DECLENSION. 

There are more nouns of the third declension than 
of all the other declensions together. The number 
of its final syllables is not ascertained. Its final let- 
ters are thirteen, a, e, i, o, y, c, d, I, n, r, s, t, x. Of 
these, eight are peculiar to this declension, namely, 
i, 0, y, c, d, I, t, x ; a and e are common to it with 
the first declension ; n and r with the second ; and 
5, with all the other declensions. A, i, and y, are 
peculiar to Greek nouns. 

Sermo, a speech, masc. 







Singular. 




Nom. 


sermo, 




a speech, 


Gen. 


sermonis, 


of 


a speech, 


Dat. 


sermoni, 


to 


a speech, 


Ace. 


sermonem, 




a speech, 


Voc. 


sermo, 





speech, 


ML 


sermone, 


with, from, or 
Plural. 


by, a speech. 


Nom. 


sermones, 




speeches, 


Gen. 


sermonum, 


of 


speeches, 


Dat. 


sermombus 


, to 


speeches, 


Ace. 


sermones, 




speeches, 


Voc. 


sermones, 





speeches, 


Ahl. 


sermombus 


, with, from, or 


by speeches, 




Rupes, a rock, fern. 








Singular. 




JYom 


. rapes, 




a rock, 


Gen. 


rupis, 


of 


a rock, 


Dat. 


rupi, 


to 


a rock, 





THIRD DECLENSION. 


15 


Ace. 


rupem, 




a rock, 


Voc. 


rupes, 





rock, 


Abl. 


rupe, 


with, from, or 
Plural. 


by, a rock. 


JYom, 


. rupes, 




rocks, 


Gen. 


rupium, 


of 


rocks, 


Dat. 


rupibus, 


to 


rocks, 


Ace. 


rupes, 




rocks, 


Voc. 


rupes, 





rocks, 


Abl. 


rupibus, 


with, from, or by, rocks. 




Lapis, a stone, masc. 








Singular. 




Nom. 


, lapis, 




a stone, 


Gen. 


lapidis, 


of 


a stone, 


Dat. 


lapidi, 


to 


a stone, 


Ace. 


lapidem, 




a stone, 


Voc. 


lapis, 





stone, 


Abl. 


lapide, 


with, from, or 
Plural. 


by, a stone. 


JYom, 


, lapides, 




stones, 


Gen. 


lapidum, 


of 


stories, 


Dat. 


lapidibus, 


to 


stones, 


Ace. 


lapides, 




stones, 


Voc. 


lapides, 





stones, 


Abl. 


lapidibus, 


with, from, or by, stones. 




Caput, a head, neut. 








Singular. 




Norn 


. caput, 




a head, 


Gen. 


capitis, 


of 


a heady 



lb THIRD DECLENSION. 






Dat. capiti, 


to 




a head, 


Ace. caput, 






a head, 


Voc. caput, 







head, 


Abl. capite, 


with, from, < 
Plural. 


or by, 


ahead. 


JYom. capita, 






heads, 


Gen. capitum, 


of 




heads, 


Dat. capitibus, 


to 




heads, 


Ace. capita, 






heads, 


Voc. capita, 







heads, 


AM. capitibus, 


with, from, 


or by 


, heads. 


Sedlle, a seat, neut 


. 






Singular. 






JYom. sedlle, 






a seat, 


Gen. sedllis, 


of 




a seat, 


Dat. sedili, 


to 




a seat, 


Ace. sedlle, 






a seat, 


Voc. sedlle, 







seat, 


Abl. sedili, 


with, from, > 
Plural. 


or by, 


a seat. 


JYom. sedilia, 






seats, 


Gen. sedilium, 


of 




seats, 


Dat. sedilibus, 


to 




seats, 


Ace. sedilia, 






seats, 


Voc. sedilia, 







seats, 


Abl. sedilibus, 


with, from, 


or by, 


, seats. 





THIRD DECLENSION. 


17 




Iter, 


a journey, neut. 
Singular. 




Nom 


. iter, 




a journey, 


Gen. 


itineris, 


of 


a journey, 


Dat. 


itineri, 


to 


a journey, 


Ace. 


iter, 




journey, 


Voe. 


iter, 





journey, 


Abl. 


itinere, with, from, or by. 


a journey 7 






Plural. 




JYom, 


itinera, 




journeys, 


Gen. 


itinerum, 


of 


journeys, 


Dat. 


itineribus, 


to 


journeys, 


Ace. 


itinera, 




journeys, 


Voe. 


itinera, 





journeys, 


Abl. 


itineribus, 


with, from, or by, journeys. 




Opu 


s, a work, neut. 
Singular. 




JYom. 


opus, 




a work, 


Gen. 


operis, 


of 


a work, 


Dat. 


operi, 


to 


a work, 


Ace. 


opus, 




a work, 


Voe. 


opus, 





work, 


Abl. 


opere, 


with, from, or 


by, a work. 




* 


Plural. 




JYom. 


opera, 




works, 


Gen. 


operum, 


of 


works, 


Dat. 


operibus, 


to 


works, 


Ace. 


opera, 




works, 



2* 



18 THIRD DECLENSION. 

Voc. opera, works, 

Abl. operibus, with, from, or by, works. 
Parens, a parent, common gender. 
Singular. 
JYom. parens, a parent, 

Gen. parentis, of a parent, 

Dat. parenti, to a parent, 

Ace. parentem, a parent, 

Voc. parens, parent, 

Abl. parente, with, from, or by, a parent. 

Plural. 
JYom. parente s, parents, 

Gen. parentum, of parents, 

Dat. parentlbus, to parents, 

Ace. parentes, parents, 

Voc. parentes, parents, 

Abl. parentlbus, with, from, or by, parents. 

Dative Singular. 

The dative singular anciently ended also in e; a3, 
Esuriente leoni ex ore exculpere prcadam, To pull the 
prey out of the mouth of a hungry lion ; H caret pede 
pes, Foot sticks to foot : for esurienti and pedi. 

Exceptions in the Accusative Singular. 

Exc. 1. The following nouns have the accusative 
in im : 

Amussis, f. a mason 7 s rule. Ravis, f. hoarseness. 
Buris, f. the beam of a Sinapis, f. mustard. 

plough. Sitis, f. thirst. 

Cannabis, f. hemp. Tussis, f. a cough. 

Ciicumis, m. a cucumber. Vis, f. strength. 
Gummis, f. gum. 
Mephitis, f. a damp or strong smell. 



THIRD DECLENSION, 19 

Exc. 2. Several nouns in is have either em or 
im ; as, 

Clavis, f. a hey. Restis, f. a rope. 

Cutis, f. the skin. Securis, f. an axe. 

Febris, f. a fever. Sementis, f. a sowing. 

Navis, f. a ship. Strigilis, f. a horse-comb. 

Pelvis, f. a bason. Turris, f. a tower. 
Puppis, f. the stern of a ship. 

Thus navem, or navim; puppem, or puppim, &c. 
The ancients said avim, aurim, ovim, pestim, vallim, 
vitim, &/C. which are not to be imitated. 

Exc. 3. Greek Nouns form their accusative va- 
riously. 

Exceptions in the Ablative Singular. 

Exc. 1. Neuters in e, al, and ar, have i in the 
ablative; as, sedile, sedili ; animal, animdli ; calcar, 
calcdri. Except proper names ; as, Prceneste, abl. 
Praneste, the name of a town : and the following 
neuters in ar : 

Far, farre, corn. Nectar, -are, drink of the 

Hepar, -ate, the liver. gods. 

Jubar, -are, a sun-beam. Par, pare, a match, a pair. 

Sal, sale, salt. 

Exc. 2. Nouns which have im or in in the accu- 
sative, have i in the ablative; as, vis, vim, vi : but 
cannabis, BcBtis, and Tigris, have e or i. 

Nouns which have em or im in the accusative, 
make their ablative in e or i ; as, turris, turre, or 
turri; but restis, a rope ; and cutis, the skin, have e 
only. 

Exc. 3. Adjectives used as substantives, have 
commonly the same ablative with the adjectives ; 
as, bipennis, -i, an halbert. 



20 third declension. 

Nominative Plural. 

1. The nominative plural ends in es, when the 
noun is either masculine or feminine ; as, sermones, 
rupes. 

Nouns in is and es have sometimes in the nomina- 
tive plural also eis or is as, puppes, puppeis, or puppis. 

2. Neuters which have e in the ablative singular, 
have a in the nominative plural ; as, capita, itinera : 
but those which have i in the ablative, make ia ; as, 
sedilia, calcaria. 

Genitive Plural. 

Nouns which in the ablative singular have i only, 
or either e or i, make the genitive plural in ium ; 
but if the ablative be in e only, the genitive plural has 
um; as, sedile, sedili, sedilium ; t arris, turre or turri, 
turrium ; caput, capite, capitum. 

Exc. 1. Monosyllables in as have ium, though 
their ablative end in e ; as, mas, a male, marium. 

Exc. 2. Nouns in es and is, which do not increase 
in the genitive singular, have also ium; h$,hostis, an 
enemy, hostium. So likewise nouns ending in two 
consonants ; as, gens, a nation, gentium; urbs, a city, 
urbium. 

But the following have um ; parens, vdtes, pdnis, 
juvenis, and cdnis. 

Exc. 3. The following nouns form the genitive 
plural in ium, though they have e only in the abla- 
tive singular : 

Caro, carnis, f. flesh. Faux, faucis, f. thejaivs. 

Cohors, -tis, f. a compa- Glis, gliris, m. a rat. 

ny. Lar, laris, m. a household 

Cor, cordis, n. the heart. god. 

Cos, cotis, f. a hone or Linter, -tris, m. or f. a 

whetstone. little boat. 

Dos, dotis, f. a dowry. Lis, litis, f. strife. 



THIRD DECLENSION. 21 

Mus, muris, m. a mouse, Quiris, -itis, a Roman, 

Nix, nivis, f. snow. Samnis, -itis, m. or f. a 
Nox, noctis, f. the night. Samnite. 

Os, ossis, n. a bone. Uter, utris, m. a bottle. 

Exceptions in the Dative Plural. 

Exc. 1. Greek nouns in a have commonly tis in- 
stead of tibus ; as, poema, a poem, poemdtis, rather 
than poematibus. 

Exc. 2. The poets sometimes form the dative plu- 
ral of Greek nouns in si, or when the next word be- 
gins with a vowel, in sin ; as, Trodsi or Trodsin, for 
Troadibus, from Troas, Troddis, a Trojan woman. 

Exceptions in the Accusative Plural. 

Exc. 1. Nouns which have turn in the genitive 
plural, make their accusative plural in es, eis, or is ; 
as, partes, partium, ace. partes, parteis, or partis. 

Exc. 2. If the accusative singular end in a, the 
accusative plural also ends in as; as, lampas, lampa- 
dem or lampada, lampddes or lampadas, &C* 



GREEK NOUNS through all the Cases. 
* Lampas, a lamp, f. lampadis or -ados ; -ddi ; -ddem 

or -dda ; -as ; -dde. Plur. -ddes ; -ddum ; -ddibus ; 

-ddes or -ddas ; -ddes ; -ddibus, 
Troas, f. Troddis or -ados ; -di ; -dem or -da ; -as ; 

-de. PL Troddes ; -um; -ibus, -si or -sin; -des or 

-das ; -des ; -ibus. 
Tros, m. Trois ; Troi ; Troem or -a ; Tros ; Troe ; &c. 
Phillis, f. Phillidis or -dos ; -di ; -dem or -da ; -i or 

-is ; -de. 
Paris, m. Paridis or -dos ; -di ; -dem, Parim or -in ; 

-i ; -de. 
Chldmys, f. Chldmydis or -ydos ; -ydi ; -y dem ox -yda; 

-ys ; -yde ; &C 
Cdpys, m. Capyis or -yos ; -yi ; -ym or -yn; -y ; -ye 

or -y. 



22 FOURTH DECLENSION. 

Metamorphosis, f. -is or -eos ; -i ; -em or -in ; -i ; -i ; 
Dido, f. Didus or Didonis ; Dido or Didoni ; &c. 
FOURTH DECLENSION. 

Nouns of the fourth declension end in us 
and u. 

Nouns in us are masculine; nouns in u 
are neuter, and indeclinable in the singular 
number. 

Fructus, fruit, masc. 
Singular. 



JYom. fructus, 




fruit, 


Gen. fructus, 


of 


fruit, 


Dat. fructui 


to 


fruit, 


Ace. fructum, 




fruit, 


Voc. fructus, 





fruit, 


Abl. fructu, 


with, from, 
Plural. 


or by, fruit. 


JYom. fructus, 




fruits, 


Gen. fructiium, 


of 


fruits, 


Dat. fructibus, 


to 


fruits, 


Ace. fructus, 




fruits, 


Voc. fructus, 





fruits, 


AM. fructibus, 


with, from, i 


or by, fruits. 


Cornu, a horn, neut. 






Singular. 




JYom. cornu, 




a horn, 


Gen. cornu, 


Qf 


a horn, 



FOURTH DECLENSION. 23 



Dat. cornu, 


to 


a horn, 


Ace. cornu, 




a horn, 


Voc. cornu, 





horn, 


Abl. cornu, 


with, from, 
Plural. 


or by a horn. 


JYom. cornua, 




horns, 


Gen. cornuum, 


of 


horns, 


Dat. cormbus, 


to 


horns, 


Ace. cornua, 




horns, 


Voc. cornua, 





horns, 


Abl. cormbus, 


with, from, 


or by, horns. 


Exc. The following nouns are 


feminine : 


Acus, a needle. 


Penus. 


a store-house. 


Anus, an old woman. Porticus 


3, a gallery. 


Domus, a house. 


Specus, 


a den. 


Ficus, a Jig. 


Tribus, 


a tribe . 


Manus, the hand. 






Domus, a house, fern. 




Singular. 




JYom. domus, 




a house, 


Gen. domus or 


-mi, of 


a house, 


Dat. domui or 


-mo, to 


a house, 


Ace. domum, 




a house, 


Voc. domus, 





house, 


Abl. domo, 


with, from, o\ 
Plural. 


r by, a house. 


JYom. domus, 




houses, 


Gen. domorum 


or -iium, of 


houses, 


Dat. domibus, 


to 


houses, 



24 FIFTH DECLENSION. 

Jlcc. domos, or -us, houses, 

Voc. domus, houses, 

Abl. domibus, with, from, or by, houses. 

Domus, in the genit. signifies of a house ; and do- 
mi, at home, or of home ; as memineris domi. 

Exc. 1. The following nouns have ubus, in the 
dative and ablative pluraJ. 

Acus, a needle, Lacus, a lake, Specus, a den, 

Arcus, a bow, Partus, a birth, Tribus, a tribe, 
Artus, a joint, J* ovtus, a harbour, Veru, a spit. 
Genu, the knee, 

Exc. 2. Jesus, the venerable name of our Saviour, 
has urn in the accusative, and u in all the other 
cases. 

FIFTH DECLENSION. 

Nouns of the fifth declension end in es, 
and are of the feminine gender ; as, 

Res, a thing, fern. 





Singular. 






JYom, res, 








a thing, 


Gen. rei, 




of 




a thing, 


Dot. rei, 




to 




a thing, 


Ace. rem, 








a thing, 


Voc. res, 









thing, 


Ml. re, 


ivith. 


from, 


or by, 


a thing. 




Plural. 






JYom. res, 








things, 


Gen. rerum, 




of 




things, 


Bat. rebus, 




to 




things, 



IRREGULAR NOUNS. 



25 



Acc. res, things, 

Voc. res, things, 

Jlbl rebus, with, from, or by, things. 

In like manner decline, 

Facies, a face, fern. 

Singular. 



JYom. facies, 




a face, 


Gen. faciei, 


of 


1 a face, 


Dat. faciei, 


to 


a face, 


Acc. faciem, 




a face, 


Voc. facies, 





face, 


Jlbl facie, 


with, from, 
Plural. 


or by, a face. 


JYom. facies, 




faces, 


Gen. facierum, 


of 


face$, 


Dat. faciebus, 


to 


faces, 


Acc. facies, 




faces, 


Voc. facies, 





faces, 


Abl faciebus, 


with, from, 


i °r by, faces. 



IRREGULAR NOUNS. 

Irregular nouns may be reduced to three classes, 
Variable, Defective, and Redundant. 

I. Variable Nouns. 

Nouns are variable either in gender, or declen- 
sion, or in both. 

Heterogeneous Nouns. 
Those which vary in gender are called heterogene- 
ous, and may be reduced to the following classes. 
3 



26 IRREGULAR NOUNS. 

l.i Masculine in the singular, and neuter in the plural. 
Avernus, a lake in Cam- Maenalus, a hill in Area- 

pania, hell. dia. 

Dindymus, a hill in Pangaeus, a promontory in 

Phrygia. Thrace. 

Ismarus, a hill in Thrace. Taenarus, a promontory in 
Massicus, a hill in Cam- Laconia. 

pania, famous for ex- Tartarus, hell. 

celleni wines. Taygetus, a hill in La- 

conia. 

Thus, Averna, Avernorum; Dindyma, -drum, &,c. 
These are thought by some to be properly adjectives, 
having mons understood in the singular, and juga or 
cacumina, or the like, in the plural. 

2. Masc. in the sing, and in the plur. masc. and neut. 
Jocus, a jest, pi. joci and joca ; locus, a place, pi. 

loci and loca. When we speak of passages in a 
book, or topics in a discourse, loci only is used. 

3. Feminine in the singular, and neuter in the plural. 
Carbdsus, a sail, pi. carbdsa ; Pergdmus, the cita- 
del of Troy, pi. Pergdma. 

4. Neuter in the singular, and masculine in the plural. 
Cozlum, pi. cadi, heaven ; Elysium, pi. Elysii, the 

Elysian fields ; Argos, pi. Argi, a city in Greece. 

5. Neuter in the sing., in the plur. masc. or neuter. 
Rastrum, a rake, pi. rastri and rastra; frrnnum, 
a bridle, pi. frceni and frcena. 

6. Neuter in the singular, and fern, in the plural. 
Delirium, a delight, pi. delicice ; epulum, a banquet, 
pi. epulce ; balneum, a bath, pi. balnece and balnea. 

Hetero elites. 

Nouns which vary in declension are called hetero- 
elites; as, vas, vdsis, a vessel, pi. vdsa, vasorum; 



IRREGULAR NOUNS. 



27 



jugerum, jugeri, an acre, pi. jugera, jugerum, juge- 
ribus, which has likewise sometimes jugeris, and 
jugere, in the singular, from the obsolete jugus, or 
juger. 

In double nouns, both nouns are declined when 
combined in the nominative case ; as, 

Respublica, a commonwealth, fern. 



Singular. 

N. respublica, 

G. reipublicse, 

D. reipublicae, 

A. rempublicam, 

V. respublica, 

A. republica. 



Plural. 

N. respublicse, 

G. rerumpublicarum, 

D. rebuspublicis, 

A. respublicas, 

V. respublicae, 

A. rebuspublicis. 



Jusjurandum, an oath, neut. 



Plural. 
N. jurajuranda, 
G. jurumjurandorum^ 
D. jurihusjurandis, 
A. jurajuranda, 
V. jurajuranda, 
A. juribusjurandis. 

If a nominative is combined with some other case, 
then the nominative only is declined ; as, 



Singular. 
N. jusjurandum, 
G. jurisjurandi, 
•D. jurijurando, 
A. jusjurandum, 
V. jusjurandum, 
A. jurejurando. 



Paterfamilias, a master of a family, masc. 

N. paterfamilias, 
G. patrisfamilias, 
D. patrifamilias, 
A. patremfamilias, 
V. paterfamilias, 
A. patrefamilias. 



*The Gen. Dat. and Abl. plural are not used. 



28 



IRREGULAR NOUNS. 



Some nouns are of both the second and third de- 
clension ; as, 

N. G. D. A 

eo, | ( eum 
or eon 
ea 
A. 
urn, 
odem, u, 
A. 



/' ei, eo, j ( eum, ) 
> I ! \ or eon, J 

[ eos, ei, | ea, 



G. 



Orpheus 

N 

CEdipus, {^ 

N. G. 

Achilleus, | ei, 

Achi„e s , \%g) 



D. 

odi, 
D. 
eo, 



V. 



eu, 
V. 



Jlem, 
( orlen, 



V. 

eu, 



fles, ) 
| or le, ) 



Ab. 

eo; 2dDecl. 

— ; 3d Dec. 

Ab. 

o ; 2d Dec. 
ode ; 3d Dec. 
Ab. 
eo ; 2d D. 

le ; 3d D. 



Some nouns are of peculiar declension. 



Singular. 

N. Jupiter, 

G. Jovis, 

D. Jovi, 

A. Jovem, 

V. Jupiter, 

A. Jove. 

Singular. 
N. bos, 
G. bovis, 
D. bovi, 
A. bovem, 
V. bos, 
A. bove. 



Singular. Plural. 

N. vis, N. vires, 

G. vis, G. virium, 

D. — D. viribus, 

A. vim, A. vires, 

V. vis, V. vires, 

A. vi. A. viribus. 

Plural. 

N. boves, 

G. boum, 

D. bobus, or bubus, 

A. boves, 

V. boves, 

A. bobus, or bubus. 



II. Defective Nouns. 

Nouns are defective either in cases or in number. 
Nouns are defective in cases different ways. 

1. Some are altogether indeclinable ; as, pondo, a 
pound or pounds. 

2. Some are used only in one case, and therefore 
called mbnoptota. 



DIVISION OF NOUNS. 29 

3. Some are used in two cases only, and therefore 
called diptota. 

4. Several nouns are used only in three cases, and 
therefore called triptota. 

5. Some nouns want the nominative, and of con- 
sequence the vocative, and therefore are called te- 
traptota. 

6. Some nouns want only one case, and are called 
pentaptota. 

III. Redundant Nouns. 

The most numerous class of redundant nouns con- 
sists of those which express the same meaning by 
different terminations ; as, menda, -ce ; and mendum, 
-i, a fault : cassis, -idis ; and cassida, -dee, a helmet. 



Division of Nouns according to their Signification 
and Derivation. 

1. A substantive which signifies many in the sin- 
gular number, is called a Collective noun ; as, popu- 
lus, a people ; exercitus, an army. 

2. A substantive derived from another substantive 
proper, signifying one's extraction, is called a Patro- 
nymic noun. 

Patronymic names of men end in des ; of women 
in is, as, or ne. 

3. A noun derived from a substantive proper, sig- 
nifying one's country, is called a Patriot or Gentile 
noun ; as, Tros, Trois, a man born at Troy ; Troas, 
-ddis i a woman born at Troy. 

4. A substantive derived from an adjective, ex- 
pressing simply the quality of the adjective, without 
regard to the thing in which the quality exists, is 
called an Abstract ; as, justitia, justice ; from Justus, 
just. The adjectives from which these abstracts 
come, are called Concretes; because, besides the 

3* 



30 ADJECTIVES. 

quality, they also suppose something to which it be- 
longs. 

5. A substantive derived from another substantive, 
signifying a diminution or lessening of its significa- 
tion, is called a Diminutive ; as, libellus, a little book. 

6. A substantive derived from a verb is called a 
Verbal noun ; as, amor, love ; doctrina, learning ; 
from amo, and doceo. 

ADJECTIVE. 

An adjective is a word added to a sub- 
stantive, to express its quality ; as, durus, 
hard ; mollis, soft. 

Latin Adjectives. 

Adjectives in Latin are varied by gender, 
number, and case, to agree with substantives 
in all these accidents. 

An adjective properly hath neither genders, num- 
bers, nor cases ; but certain terminations answering 
to the gender, number, and case of the substantive 
with which it is joined. 

Adjectives are varied like three substan- 
tives of the same termination and declension. 

All adjectives are either of the first and 
second declension, or of the third only. 

Adjectives of three terminations are of the 
first and second declension; but adjectives 
of one or two terminations are of the third. 

Exc. The following adjectives, though they have 
three terminations, are of the third declension : 



ADJECTIVES OF THE FIRST AND SEC. DECL. 31 



Acer, sharp. Equester 
Alacer, cheerful. Pal Lister, 
Campester, belonging to Ped ester. 
a plain. Saluber, 
Celebex, famous. Sylvester 
Celer, swift. Voliicer, 


, belonging to a 
marshy, [horse. 
, on foot, 
wholesome. 
, woody, 
swift. 


Adjectives of the 


First and Second Declension. 


Bonus, masc. bona, fern, bonum, neut. good. 
Singular. 


JYom. bon-us, 


-a, 


-um. 


Gen. bon-i, 


-ae, 


-h 


Dat. bon-o, 


-ae, 


-o, 


Ace. bon-um, 


-am. 


-um, 


Voc. bon-e, 


-a, 


-um, 


AM. bon-o, 


A 

-a, 
Plural. 


-0. 


JYom. bon-i, 


-ae, 


-a, 


Gen. bon-orum, 


-arum, 


-orum, 


Dat. bon-is, 


-is, 


-is, 


Ace. bon-os, 


-as, 


-a, 


Voc. bon-i, 


-ae, 


-a, 


AM. bon-is, 


-is, 


-is. 


Tener, tenera, tenerum, 


tender. 


JYom. ten-er, 


Singular. 
-era, 


-erum, 


Gen. ten-eri, 


-erae, 


-eri, 


Dat. ten-ero, 


-erae, 


-ero, 


Ace. ten- erum, 


-eram, 


-erum, 


Voc. ten-er, 


-era, 


-erum, 


AM. ten-ero, 


-era, 


-ero. 



32 



ADJECTIVES OP THE THIRD DECLENSION. 



Plural. 



JVom.ten-eri, 


-erae, 


-era, 


Gen. ten-erorum, -erarum, 


-erorum, 


Dat. ten -eris, 


-eris, 


-eris, 


Ace. ten-eros, 


-eras, 


-era, 


Voc. ten-eri, 


-erae, 


-era, 


Jibl. ten- eris, 


-eris, 


-eris. 


Obs. 1. The following adjectives have their geni- 
tive singular in ius 9 and the dative in i, through all 
their genders : in the other cases like bonus and te- 
ner. 



Unus, -a, -um ; gen. uni- 
us, dat. uni, one. 

Alius, -lus, one of many, 
another. 

Nullus, nullius^ none. 

Solus, -ius, alone. 

Totus, -ius, whole. 

Ullus, -ius, any. 

Neuter, -trius, neither. 



Alter, alterius, one of two, 

the other. 
Uter, utrius, whether of 

the tvjo. 
Uterque, utriusque, both. 
Uterlibet, -tri-~\ which of 

uslibet, f the two 
Utervis, -trius- 1 you 

vis. ) please. 



Adjectives of the third Declension. 



Felix, masc. 


, fern., and neut. 
Singular. 


; happy. 


JYbm. fe-lix, 


-ix, 


-ix, 


Gen. fe-llcis, 


-Icis, 


-Icis, 


Dat. fe-llci, 


-Ici, 


-Ici, 


Ace. fe-llcem, 


-Icem, 


-ix, 


Voc. fe-lix, 


-ix, 


-ix, 


Jlbl. fe-llce or- 


ici,&c. 





ADJECTIVES OF THE THIRD DECLENSION. 



33 



Plural. 



Nom. fe-lices, 


-ices, 


-icia, 


Gen. fe-licium, 


-icium, 


-icium, 


Bat. fe-licibus, 


-icibus, 


-icibus, 


Ace. fe-lices, 


-Ices, 


-icia, 


Voc. fe-lices, 


-ices. 


-icia, 


All. fe-licibus, 


-icibus, 


-icibus. 


Mitis, masc. and fern. ; mite, 


neut ; meek. 




Singular. 




Nom. mitis, 


mitis, 


mite, 


Gen. mitis, 


mitis, 


mitis, 


Dat. miti, 


miti, 


miti, 


Ace. mitem, 


mitem, 


mite, 


Voc. mitis, 


mitis, 


mite, 


Abl. miti, 


miti, 
Plural. 


miti. 


Nom. mites, 


mites, 


mitia, 


Gen. mitium, 


mitium, 


mitium, 


Dat. mitibus, 


mitibus, 


mitibus, 


Ace. mites, 


mites, 


mitia, 


Voc. mites, 


mites, 


mitia, 


Abl. mitibus, 


mitibus, 
Singular. 


mitibus. 


Nom. mlti-or, 


-or. 


-us, 


Gen. miti-oris, 


-oris, 


-oris, 


Dat. miti-ori, 


-ori, 


-ori, 


Ace. miti-orem, 


-orem, 


-us, 


Voc. miti-or, 


-or, 


-us, 


Abl. miti-ore or 


-ori, &c. 





34 



ADJECTIVES OF THE THIRD DECLENSION. 



Plural. 



JYom. 


miti-ores, 


-ores, 


-ora, 


Gen. 


miti-orum, 


-orum, 


-orum, 


Dat. 


miti-oribus, 


-oribus, 


-oribus, 


Ace. 


miti-ores, 


-ores, 


-ora, 


Voc. 


miti-ores, 


-ores, 


-ora, 


All. 


miti-oribus, 


-oribus, 


-oribus. 






In this manner all comparatives are de- 
clined. 

Acer or acris, m. acris, f. acre, n. ; sharp. 

Singular. 



Jx om. a-cer or acris, acris, 


acre, 


Gen. a-cris, 


-cris, 


-cris, 


Dat. a-cri, 


-cri, 


-cri, 


Ace. a-crem, 


-crem, 


-ere, 


Voc. a-cer or acris, -cris, 


-ere, 


Abl. a-cri, 


-cri, 
Plural. 


-cri. 


JYom. a-cres, 


-cres, 


-cria, 


Gen. a-crium, 


-crium, 


-crium, 


Dat. a-cribus, 


-cribus, 


-cribus, 


Ace. a-cres, 


-cres, 


-cria, 


Voc. a-cres, 


-cres, 


-cria, 


Abl. a-cribus, 


-cribus, 


-cribus. 


In like manner 


alacer, or 


alacris, celer y or 


celeris. 


Rules. 





1. Adjectives of the third declension have e or i 
in the ablative singular ; but if the neuter be in e, 
the ablative has i only. 



NUMERAL ADJECTIVES. 



35 



2. The genitive plural ends in ium, and the neuter 
of the nominative, accusative, and vocative, in ia : 
except comparatives, which have um and a. 

Numeral Adjectives. 

Adjectives which signify number, are di- 
vided into four classes, Cardinal, Ordinal, 
Distributive, and Multiplicative. 

1. The Cardinal or Principal numbers 
are: 



Unus, 


one, 


I. 


Duo, 


tioo, 


II. 


Tres, 


three, 


III. 


duatuor, 


four, 


IV. 


Quinque, 
Sex, 


Jive, 
six, 


V. 
VI. 


Septem, 

Octo, 

Novem, 


seven, 
eight, 
nine, 


VII. 

VIII. 

IX. 


Decern, 


ten, 


X. 


Undecim, 


eleven, 


XI. 


Duodecim, 


twelve, 


XII. 


Tredecim, 


thirteen, 


XIII. 


Quatuordecim, 
duindecim, 


fourteen, 
fifteen, 


XIV. 
XV. 


Sexdecim, 


sixteen, 


XVI. 


Septendecim, 
Octodecim, 


seventeen, 
eighteen, 


XVII. 
XVIII 


Novemdecim, 


nineteen, 


XIX. 


Viginti, 

Viginti unus, or ) 

Unus et viginti, ) 


twenty, 
twenty-one, 


XX. 
XXI. 


Viginti duo, or ) 
Duo et viginti, ) 


twenty-two, 


XXII. 



36 



NUMERAL ADJECTIVES. 



Trlginta, 




thirty, 


XXX. 


duadraginta, 




forty, 


XL. 


Quinquaginta, 




fifty, 


L. 


Sexaginta, 




sixty, 


LX. 


Septuaginta, 




seventy, 


LXX. 


Octoginta, 




eighty, 


LXXX. 


Nonaginta, 




ninety, 


XC. 


Centum, 




a hundred, 


c. 


Ducenti, 




tioo hundred. 


cc. 


Trecenti, 




three hundred, 


ccc. 


Guadringenti, 




four hundred, 


cccc. 


Guingenti, 


- 


Jive hundred, 


D. 


Sexcenti, 




six hundred, 


DC. 


Septingenti, 




seven hundred, 


DCC. 


Octingenti, 




eight hundred, 


DCCC. 


Nongenti, 




nine hundred, 


DCCCC 


Mille, 




a thousand, 


M. 


Duo millia, or 
mille, 


bis J 


two thousand, 


MM. 


Decern millia, 
decies mille, 


") 


ten thousand, 


XM. 


Viginti millia, 
vicies mille. 


or ) 


twenty thousand. 


XXM. 



The cardinal numbers, except unus and 
mille, want the singular. 

Units is not used in the plural, unless when joined 
with a substantive which wants the singular ; as, in 
unis cedibus, in one house ; Una nuptics ; In una 
moznia convenere : or when several particulars are 
considered as one whole ; as, una vestimenta, one 
suit of clothes. 



NUMERAL ADJECTIVES. 



37 





Duo and tres are thus declined ; 






Plural. 




JYom, 


, duo, 


duae, 


duo, 


Gen. 


duorum, 


duarum, 


duorum, 


Dat. 


duobus, 


duabus, 


duobus, 


Ace. 


duos or 


duo, duas, 


duo, 


Voc. 


duo, 


duae, 


duo, 


Ahl. 


duobus, 


duabus, 
Plural. 


duobus. 


J\To?n. 


tres, 


tres, 


tria, 


Gen. 


trium, 


trium, 


trium, 


Dat. 


tribus, 


tribus, 


tribus, 


Ace. 


tres, 


tres, 


tria, 


Voc. 


tres, 


tres, 


tria, 


Ahl, 


tribus, 


tribus, 


tribus. 



All the cardinal numbers from quatuor to centum, 
including them both, are indeclinable ; and from 
centum to mille, are declined like the plural of bonus ; 
thus, ducenti,-tce, -ta; ducentorum, -tarum, -torum, fyc. 

Mille is used either as a substantive or adjective ; 
when taken substantively, it is indeclinable in the 
singular number ; and in the plural has millia, milli- 
um, miUibus, fyc. 

Mille, an adjective, is commonly indeclinable, and, 
to express more than one thousand, has the numeral 
adverbs joined with it ; thus mille homines, a thousand 
men ; mille hominum, of a thousand men, &C. Bis 
mille Jiommes, two thousand men ; ter mille homines, 
&c. But with mille, a substantive, we say, mille ho- 
minum, a thousand men ; duo millia hominum, tria 
millia, quatuor millia, centum or centena millia homi- 
4 



38 NUMERAL ADJECTIVES* ' . 

num ; decies centena millia y a million ; vicies centena 
millia, two millions, &c. 

2. The Ordinal numbers are, primus, first ; secun- 
dus, second, &c. ; declined like bonus. 

3. The distributive are singuli, one by one ; 
bini, two by two, &c. ; declined like the plural of 
bonus. 

4. The multiplicative numbers are simplex, sim- 
ple ; duplex, double, or two-fold ; triplex, triple, or 
three-fold ; quadruplex, four-fold, &c. ; all of them 
declined like felix ; thus, simplex, -icis, &c. 

The interrogative words to which the above nu- 
merals answer, are quot, quotus, quoteni, quoties, and 
quotuplex. 

Quot, how many 2 is indeclinable : So tot, so 
many ; totidem, just so many ; quotquot, quotcunque > 
how many soever ; aliquot, some. 

The following Table contains a list of the Ordinal 
and Distributive Numbers, together with the Nume- 
ral Adverbs, which are often joined with the Nume- 
ral Adjectives. 



Ordinal. 


Distributive. 


1 Primus, -a, -urn. 

2 secundus. 


Singuli, -se, -a> 
bini. 


3 tertius. 


terni. 


4 quartus. 

5 quintus. 

6 sextus. 


quaterni, 

quini. 

seni. 


7 septimus. 

8 octavus. 


septenL 
octoni. 


9 nonus. 

10 decimus. 

11 undecimus. 

12 duodecimus. 

13 decimus tertius. 

14 decimus quartus. 


noveni. 

deni. 

undeni. 

duodeni. 

tredeni, terni deni 

quaterni deni. 



NUMERAL ADVERBS. 



39 



15 
16 

17 
18 
19 
20 

30 

40 

50 

60 

70 

80 

90 

100 

200 

300 

400 

500 

600 

700 

800 

900 

1000 

2000 



decimus quintus. 

declmus sextus. 

decimus septimus. 

decimus octavus. 

decimus norms. 

vigeslmusj vicesimus. 

vigesimus primus. 

trigesimus, tricesimus. 

quadragesimus. 

quinquagesimus. 

sexagesimus. 

septuagesimus. 

octogesimus. 

nonagesimus. 

centesimus. 

diicentesimus. 

trecentesimus. 

quadringentesimus. 

quingentesimus. 

sexcentesimus. 

septingentesimus. 

octingentisimus. 

nongentesimus. 

millesimus. 

bis millesimus. 



quindeni. 

seni deni. 

septeni deni. 

octoni deni. 

noveni deni. 

viceni. 

viceni singiili. 

triceni. 

quadrageni. 

quinquageni. 

sexageni. 

septuageni. 

octogeni. 

nonageni 

centeni. ! 

duceni. 

trecenteni. 

quater centeni. 

quinquies centeni. 

sexies centeni. 

septies centeni. 

octies centeni. 

novies centeni. 

milleni. 

bis milleni. 



NUMERAL ADVERBS. 



1 Semel, once. 

2 bis, twice, 

3 ter, thrice. 

4 quater, four times. 

5 quinquies, &,c. 

6 sexies. 

7 septies* 

8 octies. 

9 novies. 
10 decies. 



11 undecies. 

12 duodecies. 

13 tredecies. 

14 quatuordecies. 

15 quindecies. 

16 sexdecies. 

17 decies ac septies. 

18 decies ac octies. 

19 decies et novies. 

20 vicies. 



40 COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. 

21 vicies semel. 300 trecenties. 

30 tricies. 400 quadringentie^x 

40 quadragies. 500 quingenties, 

50 quinquagies* 600 sexcenties, 

60 sexagies. 700 septingenties. 

70 septuagies. 800 octingenties. 

f 80 octogies. 900 noningenties. 

90 nonagies. 1000 millies. 

100 centies. 2000 bis millies. 

200 ducenties. 

COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. 

The comparison of adjectives expresses 
the quality in different degrees ; as, durus, 
hard ; durior, harder ; durissimus, hardest. 

Those adjectives only are compared, whose 
signification admits the distinction of more 
and less. 

The degrees of comparison are three, the 
Positive, Comparative and Superlative. 

The Positive seems improperly to be called a de- 
gree. It simply signifies the quality ; as, durus f 
hard : and serves only as a foundation for the other 
degrees. By it we express the relation of equality ; 
as, he is as tall as I. 

The Comparative expresses a greater degree of 
the quality, and has always a referance to a less de- 
gree of the same ; as, stronger, wiser. 

The Superlative expresses the quality carried to 
the greatest degree ; as, strongest, wisest. 

Formation of the Degrees. 
The comparative degree is formed from the first 
case of the positive in i 9 by adding the syllable or 



COMPARISON OP ADJECTIVES, 41 

for the masculine and feminine, and us for the neuter. 
The superlative is formed from the same case, by 
adding ssimus ; as, alius, high, genit, alti : compara- 
tive, altior for the masc. altior for the fern, altius 
for the neut. higher ; superlative, altissimus, ~a, -um, 
highest. So mitts, meek ; dative miti ; mitior, -or, 
-us, meeker ; ?nitissimus, -a, -urn, meekest. 

If the positive end in er, the superlative is formed 
by adding rimus ; as, pauper, poor ; pauperrimus, 
poorest. 

The comparative is always of the third declen- 
sion : the superlative of the first and second ; as, 
alius, altior, altissimus ; alta, altior, altissima; altum, 
altius, altissimum ; gen. alii, altioris, altissimi, &c. 

^regular and defective Comparison, 
I. Bonus, melior, optimus, good, better, best. 

Malus, pejor, pessimus, bad, worse, worst. 

Magnus, major, maximus, great, greater, greatest. 

-Parvus, minor, minimus, small, less, least. 

Multus, plurimus, much, more, most. 

Fern. Multa, plurima; neut. multum, plus, pluri- 
mum ; plur. multi, plures, plurimi : multae, plures, 
plurimse, &c. 

2. These five have their superlative in limus : 

Facilis, facilior, facilli- Imbecillis, imbecillior, 
mus, easy. imbecillimus, weak. 

Gracilis, gracilior, gr^cil- Similis, similior, similli- 
limus, lean. mus, like. 

Hiimilis, humilior, humil- 
limus, low. 

3. The following adjectives have regular compa- 
ratives, but form the superlative differently : 

Citer, citerior, citimus, Dexter, dexterior, dexti- 
near, mus, right. 

4* 



42 



COMPARISON OP ADJECTIVES. 



mus or maturissimuSj, 

ripe. 
Posterus, posterior, pos~ 

tremus, behind. 
Siiperus, -rior, supremus 

or sum mus, high. 
Vetus, veterior, veterri- 

mus, old. 



Sinister, sinisterior, sinis- 

timus, left. 
Exter, -erior, extimus or 

extremus, outivard. 
Inferus, -ior, infimus or 

imus, beloiv. 
Interus, interior, intimus, 

inward. 
Maturus, -ior, maturri- 

4. Compounds in dicus, loquus, ficus, and volus, 
have entior, and entisstmus ; as, mdledicus, railing ; 
mdledicentior , maledic entisstmus : So magntloquus , 
one that boasteth ; beneftcus, beneficent ; mdlevolus, 
malevolent ; mtrtftcus, wonderful ; -entior, -entisst- 
mus, or mirtficisstmus. Nequam, indecl. worthless, 
vicious, has nequior, nequisstmus. 

1. The following adjectives are not used in the 
positive : 
Deterior, worse, deterri- Propior, nearer, proxi- 

mus. mus, nearest or next. 

Ocior, swifter, ocissimus. Ulterior, farther, ultimus. 
Prior, former, primus. 

2. The following want the comparative : 
Inclytus, inclytissimus, Nuperus, nuperrimus, 



renowned, 
Meritus, meritissimus, de 

serving. 
Novus, novissimus, new. 

3. The following want the superlative : 
Adolescens, adolescenti- Opimus, opimior, rich 

or, young. 
Diiiturnus, diuturnior 

lasting. 
Ingens~ingentior, huge. 
Juvenis, junior, young. 



late. 
Par, parissimus, equql. 
Sacer, sacerrimus, sacred. 



Pronus, pronior, inclined 

downwards. 
Satur, $&tm\or , full. 
Senex, senior, old. . 



PRONOUN. 



43 



PRONOUN. 

A Pronoun is a word which stands instead of a 
Noun. 

PRONOUNS. 

The simple pronouns in Latin are eight- 
een ; ego, tu, sui ; ille, ipse, iste, hie, is, quis, 
qui ; mens, tuus, suns, noster, vester; nostras, 
vestras, and cujas. 

Three of them are substantives, ego, tu, 
sui ; the other fifteen are adjectives. 

Ego, I. 
Singular. Plural. 

JY. ego, 7, JY. nos, we, 

G. mei, of me, G. nostrum or nostri, of us, 

D. mihi, to me, D. nobis, to us, 

A. me, me, A. nos, us, 

V. V. 

A. me, with me. A. nobis, with us. 

Tu, thou. 

Singular. 
JYom. tu, thou, 
Gen. tui, of thee, 
Dat. tibi, to thee. 
Ace. te,thee, 
Voc. tu, thou, 
Abl. te, with thee, 



44 PRONOUN. 

Plural 
JYom. vos, ye or you, 
Gen. vestrum or vestri, of you, 
Dat. vobis, to you, 
Ace. vos, you, 
Voe. vos, ye or you, 
Abl. vobis, with you. 

Sui, of himself, of herself, of itself 

Singular. 

JSTom. 

Gen. sui, of himself, of herself, of itself 
Dat. sibi, to himself, to herself, &x. 
Ace. se, himself, &c. 
Foe. — 



*#6/. se, wi£A himself, &c. 

Plural 
JYom. - 



Gen. sui, q/* themselves, 

Dat. sibi, to themselves, 

Ace. se, themselves, 

Voc. 



Abl. se, with themselves. 

The English substantive pronouns, he, she, it> are 
expressed in Latin by these pronominal adjectives, 
tile, iste, hie or is ; as, 

Ille, for the masc. ilia, for the fern. Mud, for the 
neut. that : or, ille, he ', ilia, she ; Mud, it or that ; 
thus, 





PRONOUN. 


45 




Sin 


gular. 




Norn, ille, 




ilia, 


illud, 


Gen. illius 


) 


illius, 


illius, 


Dat. illi, 




illi, 


illi, 


Ace. ilium 


) 


illam, 


illud, 


Voc. ille, 




ilia, 


illud, 


Abl. illo, 




ilia, 


illo. 




Plural. 




iVoro. illi, 




illae, 


ilia, 


6rera. illorum, 


illarum, 


illorum, 


Dat. illis, 




illis, 


illis, 


^4cc. illos, 




illas, 


ilia, 


Voc. illi, 




illae, 


ilia, 


-46?. illis, 




illis, 


illis. 


ipse, he himself, 


ipsa 


, she herself, ipsum, itself; 


and iste, ista, istud, \ 


:hat, 


are declined like ille ; only 


ipse has ipsum in the 


nom. ace. and voc. sing. neut. 



Ipse, is often joined to ego, tu, sui ; and has in 
Latin the same force with self in English, when 
joined with a possessive pronoun ; as, ego ipse, I my- 
self. 





Hie, 


haec, hoc, this. 






Singular. 




Nom. 


hie, 


haec, 


hoc, 


Gen. 


hujus 


hujus, 


hujus, 


Dat. 


huic, 


huic, 


huic, 


Ace. 


hunc, 


hanc, 


hoc, 


Voc. 


hie, 


haec, 


hoc, 


Abl. 


hoc, 


hac, 
Plural. 


hoc. 


Nom. 


w, 


hae, 


haec, 


Gen. 


horum, harum, 


horum, 


DaL 


his, 


his, 


his,. 



46 PRONOUN. 

Acc. hos, has, hsec^ 

Voc. hi, hae, haec, 

Abl. his, his, his. 

Is, ea, id; he, she it ; or that. 
Singular. 

Nom. is, ea, id, 

Gen. ejus, ejus, ejus, 

Dat. ei, ei, ei, 

Acc. eum, earn, id, 

Voc. 

Abl. eo, ea, eo. 

P/wra?. 

iVom. ii, ese, ea, 

Gen. eorum, earum, eorum, 
Dat. iis or eis, &>c. 

^.cc. eos, eas, ea, 

Voc. 

Abl. iis, or eis, &c. 

Qz/z5, gw«, quod or o/m^ f which, what ? Or o/ms ? 
who? or what man? o/?i^ ? who? or what woman? 
#wodf or quid ? what ? which thing ? or what thing ? 
thus, 

Singular. 

Nom. quis, quae, quod, or quid, 

Gen. cujus, cujus, cujus, 

Dat. cui, cui, cui, 

Acc. quem, quam, quad or quid, 



Voc. 

Abl. quo, qua, quo. 

Plural. 
Nom. qui, quae, quse, 

Crew, quorum, quarum, quorum, 
Dat. queis or quibus, &c. 



PRONOUN. 47 

Acc. quos, quas, quae, 

Voc. 

Abl. queis, or quibus, &,c. 

Qui, qua, quod, who, which, that ; Or vir qui, the 
man who or that; foemina quce, the woman who or 
that; negotium quod, the thing which or £Aa£ ; genit. 
vir cujus, the man w/wse or of whom ; mulier cujus, 
the woman w/wse or of whom ; negotium cujus, the 
thing of which, seldom whose, &c. thus, 

/Singular* 

Norn, qui, quae, quod, 

GW cujus, cujus, cujus, 

Bat. cui ? cui, cui, 

Acc. quern, quam, quod, 

^1W. quo, qua, quo. 

Plural. 

Norn, qui, quae, qua?, 

Gen. quorum, quarum, quorum, 

Dat. queis or quibus, &c. 

Acc. quos, quas, qua?, 

Abl. queis, or quibus, &c. 

The other pronouns are derivatives, coming from 
ego, tu, and sui. Meus, my or mine ; tuus, thy or 
thine ; suus, his own, her own, its own, their own, 
are declined like bonus, -a -urn; and noster, our; 
vester, your ; like pukher, -chra, -chrum, of the first 
and second declension. 

Nostras, of our country ; vestras, of your country ; 
cujas, of what or which country, are declined like 
felxx, of the third declension : gen. nostrdtis, dat. 
nostrdti, &c. 

Pronouns as well as nouns, that signify things 



48 COMPOUND PRONOUNS. 

which cannot be addressed or called upon, want the 
vocative. 

Meus hath mi, and sometimes mens, in the voc. 
sing. masc. 

The relative qui has frequently qui in the ablative, 
and that, which is remarkable, in all genders and 
numbers. 

Qui, is sometimes used for quis : and instead of 
cujus, the gen. of quis, we find an adjective pronoun, 
cujus, -a, -urn. 

Simple pronouns, with respect to their significa- 
tion, are divided into the following classes. 

1. Demonstratives, which point out any person or 
thing present, or as if present. Ego, tu, hie, iste, 
and sometimes Me, is, ipse, 

2. Relatives, which refer to something going be- 
fore : ille, ipse, iste, hie, is, qui. 

3. Possessives, which signify possession : mens, 
tuns, suus, noster, vester. 

4. Patriots or Gentiles, which signify one's coun- 
try : nostras, vestras, cujas. 

5. Interrogatives, by which we ask a question : 
quis ? cujas ? When they do not ask a question, they 
are called Indefinites, like other words of the same 
nature. 

6. Reciprocals, which again call back or repre- 
sent the same object to the mind : sui and suus. 

COMPOUND PRONOUNS. 
Idem, the same, compounded of is and dem. - 

Singular. 

Nom. idem, eadem, idem, 

Gen, ejusdem, ejusdem, ejusdem, 

Dat, eldem, eidem, eidem, 

Ace. eundem, eandem, idem, 



COMPOUND PRONOUNS. 



49 



Voc. 


idem, 


eadem, 


idem, 


AM. 


eodem, 


eadem, 
Plural. 


eodem. 


Nom. 


iidem, 


esedem, 


eadem, 


Gen. 


eorundem, earundem, 


eorundem 


Dat. 


eisdem 


or iisdem, &,c. 


• 


Ace. 


eosdem 


, easdem, 


eadem, 


Voc. 


iidem, 


eaedem, 


eadem, 


AM. 


eisdem 


or iisdem, &,c. 





The pronouns which we find most frequently com- 
pounded, are quis and qui. 

Quis, in composition, is sometimes the first, some- 
times the last, and sometimes likewise the middle 
part of the word compounded ; but qui is always the 
first. 

1. The compounds of quis, in which it is put first, 
are, quisnam, who ? quispiam. quisquam, any one ; 
quisque, every one ; quisquis, whosoever ; which are 
thus declined : 



N. duisnam, quaenam, 

Gen. cujusnam, 
N. Quispiam, quaepiam, 

G. cujuspiam, 
N. Quisquam, queequam, 

G. cujusquam, 
JV. duisque, quaeque, 

G. cuj usque, 
.N. Quisquis, 

G. eujuscujus, 



quodnam or quidnam, 

Dat. cuinam. 
quodpiam or quidpiam, 

D. cuipiam. 
quodquam or quidquam, 

D. cuiquam. 
quodque or quidque, 

D. cuique. 
quidquid or quicquid, 

D. cuicui. 



And so in the other cases, according to the simple 

quis. But quisquis has not the fern, at all, and the 

neuter only in the nominative and accusative. Quis- 

quam has also quicquam for quidquam; accusative 

5 



50 COMPOUND PRONOUNS. 

quenquam, without the feminine. The plural is 
scarcely used. 

2. The compounds of quis, in which quis is put 
last, have qua in the nom. sing, fern., and in the no- 
minative and accusative plur. neut. as aliquis, some ; 
ecquis, who? of et and quis ; also nequis, siquis,num- 
quis, which for the most part are read separately, 
thus, ne quis, si quis, num quis. They are thus de- 
clined : 

N. Aliquis, aliqua, aliquod or aliquid^ 

Gen. alicujus, Dat. alicui. 
N. Ecquis, ecqua or ecquas, ecquod or ecquid, 

G. eccujus, D. eccui. 

N. Si quis, si qua, si quod, or si quid, 

G. si cujus, D. si cui. 

N. Ne quis, ne qua, ne quod or ne quid, 

G. ne cujus, D. ne cui. 

N. num quis, num qua, num quod or num quid, 

G. num cujus, D. num cui. 

3. The compounds which have quis in the middle, 
are ecquisnam, who ? unusquisque, gen. uniuscuj usque , 
every one. The former is used only in the nom. 
sing, and the latter wants the plural. 

4. The compounds of qui, are quicunque, whoso- 
ever ; quidam, some ; quilibet, quivis, any one whom 
you please ; which are thus declined : 

N. Quicunque, qusecunque, quodcunque, 

Gen. cujuscunque, Dat. cuicunque. 

2V. Quidam, qusedam, quoddam or quiddam, 

G. cujusdam, D. cuidam. 

N. Quilibet, quselibet, quodlibet or quidlibet, 

G. cujuslibet, D. cuilibet. 

N. duivis, quaevis, quodvis or quidvis, 

G. cujusvis, D. cuivis. 



VERB. 51 

Obs. 1. All these compounds have seldom or never 
quels, but qulbus, in their dat. and abl. plur. ; thus, 
aliquibus, &,c. 

Obs. 2. Quidam has quendam, quandam, quoddam 
or quiddam,m the ace. sing, and quorundam, quarun- 
dam, quorundam, in the gen. plural, n being put in- 
stead of ?n, for the better sound. 

VERB. 

A verb is a word which expresses what 
is affirmed of things ; as, The boy reads. 
The sun shines. The man loves. 

Or, A verb is that part of speech which 
signifies to be, to do, or to suffer. 

Verbs with respect to their signification, are di- 
vided into three different classes, Active, Passive, 
and Neuter ; because we consider things either as 
acting or being acted upon ; or as neither acting nor . 
being acted upon ; but simply existing, or existing 
in a certain state or condition, as in a state of mo- 
tion or rest, &c. 

.1. An Active verb expresses an action, and neces- 
sarily supposes an agent and an object acted upon ; 
as, amdre, to love ; amo te, I love thee. 

2. A verb Passive expresses a passion or suffering, 
or the receiving of an action ; and necessarily im- 
plies an object acted upon, and an agent by which 
it is acted upon ; as, amari, to be loved ; tu amdris 
a me, thou art loved by me. 

3. A Neuter verb properly expresses neither ac- 
tion nor passion, but simply the being, state, or con- 
dition of things ; as, dormio, I sleep ; sedeo, I sit. 

The verb Active is also called Transitive, when 
the action passeth over to the object, or hath an effect 



52 VERB. 

on some other thing ; as, scribo literas, I write let- 
ters : but when the action is confined within the 
agent, and passeth not over to any object, it is called 
Intransitive ; as, ambulo, I walk ; curro, I run, which 
are likewise called Neuter verbs. Many verbs in 
Latin and English are used both in a transitive and 
in an intransitive or neuter sense ; as, sistere, to 
stop ; incipere, to begin ; durdre, to endure, or to 
harden, &c. 

Verbs which simply signify being, are likewise 
called Substantive verbs ; as, esse or existere 9 to be or 
to exist. The notion of existence is implied in the 
signification of every verb ; thus, I love, may be re- 
solved into, / am loving. 

When the meaning of a verb is expressed without 
any affirmation, or in such a form as to be joined to 
a substantive noun, partaking thereby of the nature 
of an adjective, it is called a Participle ; as, amans, 
loving ; amdtus, loved. But when it has the form 
of a substantive, it is called a Gerund, or a Supine; 
as, amandum, loving ; anidtum, to love ; amdtu) to 
love, or to be loved. 

A verb is varied or declined by Voices, 
Modes, Tenses, Numbers, and Persons. 

There are two voices; the Active and 
Passive. 

The modes are four ; Indicative, Subjunc- 
tive, Imperative, and Infinitive. 

The tenses are five; the Present, the 
Preter-imperfect, the Preter-perfect, the Pre- 
ter-pluperfect, and the Future. 

The numbers are two ; Singular and 
Plural 



VERB. 53 

The persons are three; First, Second, 
and Third. 

1. Voice expresses the different circumstances in 
which we consider an object, whether as acting or 
being acted upon. The Active voice signifies action ; 
as, amo, I love ; the Passive, suffering or being the 
object of an action ; as, amor, I am loved. 

2. Modes or moods are the various manners of 
expressing the signification of a verb. 

The Indicative declares or affirms positively ; as, 
amo, I love, amabo, I shall love ; or asks a question ] 
as, an tu amas ? dost thou love ? 

The Subjunctive is usually joined to some other 
verb, and cannot make a full meaning by itself; as, 
si me obsecret, redibo, if he entreat me, I will return. 
Ter. 

The Imperative commands, exhorts, or entreats ; 
as, ama, love thou. 

The Infinitive simply expresses the signification of 
the verb without limiting it to any person or number ; 
as, amdre, to love. 

3. Tenses or Times express the time when any 
thing is supposed to be, to act, or to suffer. 

Time in general is divided into three parts, the 
present, past, and future. 

, Past time is expressed three different ways. When 
we speak of a thing, which was doing but not 
finished at some former time, we use the Preter- 
imperfect, or past time not completed ; as, scribebam, 
I was writing. 

When we speak of a thing now finished, we use 
the Preter-perfect, or past time completed ; as, scripsi, 
I wrote or have written. 

When we speak of a thing finished at or before 
some past time, we use the Preter-pluperfect, or past 
5* 



54 VERB. 

time more than completed as, scripserani, I had 
written. 

Future time is expressed two different ways. A 
thing may be considered either as simply about to 
be done, or as actually finished at some future time ; 
as scribam, I shall write, or, I shall [ZAe?z] be writing , 
scripsero, I shall have written. 

4. Number marks how many we suppose to be, to 
act, or to suffer. 

5. Person shows to what the meaning of the verb 
is applied, whether to the person speaking, to the 
person addressed, or to some other person or thing. 

Verbs have two numbers and three persons, to 
agree with substantive nouns and pronouns in these 
respects : for a verb properly hath neither numbers 
nor persons, but certain terminations answering to 
the person and number of its nominative. 

A verb is properly said to be conjugated, when all 
its parts are properly classed, or, as it were, yoked 
together, according to Voice, Mode, Tense, Num- 
ber, and Person. 

THE DIFFERENT CONJUGATIONS. 

Conjugation is the regular distribution of 
the various parts of verbs, according to the 
different voices, modes, tenses, numbers, and 
persons. 

There are four conjugations of verbs in 
Latin ; distinguished by the vowel preceding 
re of the infinitive mode. 

The first conjugation makes are long; as, 
JLmare. 

The second conjugation makes ere long ; 
as, Docere. 



VERB. 55 

The third conjugation makes ere short; 
as, Legere. 

The fourth conjugation makes ire long; 
as, Audire. 

Except dare y to give, which has a short, and also 
its compounds ; thus, circundare, to surround ; cw- 
cundamns, -datis, -dabam, -dabo, &c. 

SUM is an irregular verb, and thus conjugated : 

Principal Parts. 
Pres. Indie. Perf. Indie. Pres. Infin. 

Sum, fui, esse, To he. 

Indicative Mode. 
Present Tense, am. 
Singular. 
d 1. Sum, I am, 
g 2. Es, Thou art, or you are, 
& 3. Est, He is ; 

Plural. 

d 1. Sumus, We are, 

o 

£ 2. Estis, Ye or you are, 

£ 3. Sunt, They are. 

Imperfect, was. 

Singular. 

1. Eram, I was, 

2. Eras, Thou wast, or you were, 

3. Erat, He was ; 



56 VERB. 

Plural. 

1. Eramus, We were, 

2. Eratis, Ye were, 

3. Erant, They were. 

Perfect, have been or was. 

Singular. 

1. Fui, I have been, 

2. Fuisti, Thou hast been, 

3. Fuit, He has been ; 

Plural. 

1. Fuimus, We have been, 

2. Fuistis, Ye have been, 

3. Fuerunt or -ere, They have been. 

Pluperfect, had been. 
Singular. 

1. Fueram, I had been, 

2. Fueras, Thou hadst been, 

3. Fuerat, He had been ; 

Plural. 

1. Fueramus, We had been, 

2. Fueratis, Ye had been, 

3. Fuerant, They had been. 

Future, shall or will. 

Singular. 
1. Ero, I shall be, 



VERB. 57 

2. Eris, Thou shalt be, 

3. Erit, He shall be ; 

Plural. 

1. Erimus, We shall be, 

2. Eritis, Ye shall be, 

3. Erunt, They shall be. 

Subjunctive Mode. 

Present Tense, may or can. 

Singular. 

1. Sim, I may be, 

2. Sis, Thou mayest be, 

3. Sit, He may be ; 

Plural. 

1. Simus, We may be, 

2. Sitis, Ye may be, 

3. Sint, They may be. 

Imperfect, might, could, would, or should. 

Singular. 

1. Essem, I might be, i 

2. Esses, Thou mightest be, 

3. Esset, He might be ; 

Plural. 

1. Essemus, We might be, 

2. Essetis, Ye might be, 

3. Essent, They might be. 



58 



VERB. 



Perfect, may have. 

Singular. 

1. Fuerim, I may have been, 

2. Fueris, Thou mayest have been, 

3. Fuerit, He may have been ; 

Plural. 

1. Fuerimus,* We may have been, 

2. Fueritis, Ye may have been, 

3. Fuerint, They may have been. 

Pluperfect, might, could, would, or should 
have ; or had. 

Singular. 

1. Fuissem^ I might have been, 

2. Fuisses, Thou mightest have been, 

3. Fuisset, He might have been ; 

Plural. 

1. Fuissemus, We might have been, 

2. Fuissetis, Ye might have been, 

3. Fuissent, They might have been. 

Future, shall have. 
Singular. 

1. Fuero, I shall have been, 

2. Fueris, Thou shall have been, 

3. Fuerit, He shall have been ; 

* See p. 61. 



FIRST CONJUGATION. 59 

Plural. 

1. Fuerimus,* We shall have been, 

2. Fueritis, Ye shall have been, 

3. Fuerint, They shall have been. 

Imperative Mode. 
Singular. 

2. Es vel esto, Be thou, 

3. Esto, Let him be ; 

Plural. 

2. Este vel estote, Be ye, 

3. Sunto, Let them be. 

Infinitive Mode. 
Pres. Esse, To be, 
Perf. Fuisse, To have been, 
Fut. Esse, futurus, -a, -urn, To be about to be. 
Fuisse, futurus, -a, -urn, To have been 
about to be. 

Participle. 
Future. Futurus, -a, -urn, About to be. 

Verbs are thus varied in the different Conjugations* 

FIRST CONJUGATION. 

Active Voice. 

Principal Parts. 

Present Indie. Perfect. Supine. Pres. Injin. 
Arao, amavi, amatum, amare, To love. 

* See p. 61. 



60 FIRST CONJUGATION. 

Indicative Mode. 
Present Tense, love, do love, or am loving. 



Sing. 1. Am-o, 


I love, 


2. Am-as, 


Thou lovest, or you love, 


3. Am-at, 


He loveth, or he loves ; 


Plur. 1. Am-amus, 


We love, 


2. Am-atis, 


Ye or you love, 


3. Am-ant, 


They love. 


Imperfect. loved, did love, or was loving. 


Sing. 1. Am-abam, 


I loved, 


2. Am-abas, 


Thou lovedst. 


3. Am-abat, 


lie loved; 


Plur. 1. Am-abamus, 


We loved, 


2. Am-abatis, 


Ye or you loved, 


3. Am-abant, 


They loved. 


Perfect, loved, have loved, or did love. 


Sing. 1. Am-avi, 


I have loved, 


2. Am-avisti, 


Thou hast loved, 


3. Am-avit, 


He has loved ; 


Plur. 1. Am-avimus, 


We have loved, 


2. Am-avistis, 


Ye have loved, 


3. Am-averunt vel 




am-avere ? 


They have loved. 


Pluperfect, had. 


Sing. 1. Am-averam, 


I had loved, 


2. Am-averas, 


Thou hadst loved, 


3. Am-averat ? 


He had loved; 


Plur. 1. Am-averamus, 


We hod loved, 


2. Am-averatis, 


Ye had loved, 


3. Am-averant, 


They had loved. 


Future. 


shall or will. 


Sing. 1. Am-abo, 


1 shall love, 


2. Am-abis, 


Thou shalt love, 


3. Am-abit, 


He shall love ; 



FIRST CONJUGATION. 61 

Plur. 1. Am-abimus, We shall love, 

2. Am-abitis, Ye shall love, 

3. Am-abunt, They shall love. 

Subjunctive Mode. 
Present Tense, may or can. 



Sing. 1. Am-em, 


I may love. 


2. Am-es, 


Thou mayest love, 


3. Am-et, 


He may love ; 


Plur. 1. Am-emus, 


We may love, 


2. Am-etis, 


Ye may love, 


3. Am-ent 5 


They may love. 


Imperfect, might. 


could, would, or should. 


Sing. 1. Am-arem, 


I might love, 


2. Am-ares, 


Thou might est love. 


3. Am-aret, 


He might love ; 


PZwr. 1. Am-aremus, 


We might love, 


2. Am-aretis, 


Ye might love, 


3. Am-arent, 


They might love. 


Perfect. 


may have. 


Sing. 1. Am-averim, 


I may have loved, 


2. Arn-averis,* 


Thou mayest have loved^ 


3. Am-averit, 


He may have loved ; 


PZwr. 1. Am-averimus,* 


We may have loved, 


2. Am-aventis,* 


Ye may have loved, 


3. Am-averint, 


They may have loved. 


Pluperfect. mighty could, would, or should have $ or 


, 


had. 


Sing. 1. Am-avissem, 


I might have loved, 


2. Am-avisses, 


Thou mightest have loved, 


3. Am-avisset, 


He might have loved ; 



* Mis, rimus, and ritis, are by some reckoned common, both in 
the perfect and future. Indeed, these tenses frequently are 
scarcely to be distinguished. Perhaps it is well to accustom 
the learner to make the syllable short in the perfect tense, and 
long in the future. See p. 58. 
G 



62 FIRST CONJUGATION. 

Plur. 1. Am-avissemus, We might have loved, 

2. Am-avissetis, Ye might have loved, 

3. Am-avissent, They might have loved* 

Future, shall have. 

Sing. 1. Am-avero, I shall have loved, 

2. Am-averis, Thou shalt have loved, 

3. Am-averit, He shall have loved ; 
Plur. 1. Am-averlmus, We shall have loved, 

2. Am-averltis, Ye shall have loved, 

3. Am-averint, They shall have loved. 

Imperative Mode. 
Sing. 2. Am-a vel am-ato, Love thou, or do thou love^ 

3. Ama-to, Let him love ; 

Plur. 2. Am-atev.am-atote, Love ye, or do ye love, 

3. Am-anto, Let them love. 

Infinitive Mode. 
Pres. Am-are, To love. 

Perf. Am-avisse, To have loved. 

Fut. Esse amaturus, -a, 

-um, To be about to love. 

Fuisse amaturus, -a, 

-urn, To have been about to love* 

Participles. 
Present, Am-ans, Loving. 

Future, Amaturus, -a, urn, About to love. 
Gerunds. 

Norn. Am-andum, Loving, 

Gen. Am-andi, Of loving, 

Dat. Am-ando, To loving, 

Ace. Am-andum, Loving, 

Abl. Amando, With loving. 

Supines. 

Former, Am-atum, To love, 

Latter, Am-atu, To love, or to be loved. 



first conjugation. 63 

Passive Voice. 

Present Indicative, Perfect Participle. Infinitive. 
Amor, amatus, amari, to beloved. 

Indicative Mode. 

Present Tense, am. 

Si?ig. 1. Am -or, I am loved, 

2. Am-aris v el 'tire, Thou art loved, 

3. Am-atur, He is loved; 
Plur. 1. Am-amur, We are loved, 

2. Am-amini, Ye are loved, 

3. Am-antur ? They are loved. 

Imperfect, was. 
Sing.l. Am-abar ? I was loved, 

2. Am-abarisi;e?-are, Thou wast loved, 

3. Am-abatur, He was loved; 
Plur. 1. Am-abamur, We were loved, 

2. Am-abamini, Ye were loved, 

3. Am-abantur, They were loved. • 

Perfect, am ; have been, or was. 

Sing. 1. Amatus sum vel fui, I have been loved, 

2. Amatus es v. fuisti, Thou hast been loved, 

3. Amatus est v. fuit, He has been loved ; 
Plur. 1. Amati sumus v. fuimus, We have been loved, 

2. Amati estis v. fuistis, Ye have been loved, 

3. Amati sunt fuerunt, 

v. fuere, They have been loved. 

Pluperfect, had been, or was. 

Sing. 1. Amatus eram v. fueram, I had been loved, 

2. Amatus eras v. fueras, Thou hadst been loved. 

3. Amntus erat v. fuerat, He had been loved; 
Plur. 1. Amalieramus^.fueramus, We had been loved, 

2. Amati eratis v. fueratis, Ye had been loved, 

3. Amati erant v. fuerant. They had been loved. 



1. 


Am-er, 


I may be loved, 


2. 


Am-eris vel -ere, 


Thou mayest be loved. 


3. 


Am-etur, 


He may be loved; 


1. 


Am-emur, 


We may be loved, 


2. 


Am-emini, 


Ye may be loved, 


3. 


Am-entur, 


They may be loved. 



64 FIRST CONJUGATION. 

Future, shall or will be. 
Sing. 1. Am-abor I shall be loved, 

2. Am-aberis v. -abere, Thou shall be loved, 

3. Am-abitur, He shall be loved; 
Plur. 1. Am-abimur, We shall be loved, 

2. Am-abimini, Ye shall be loved, 

3. Am-abuntur, They shall be loved. 

Subjunctive Mode. 

Present Tense, may or can be. 
Sing. 

Plur. 



Imperfect, might, could, would, or should be. 
Sing. 1. Am-arer, I might be loved , 

2. Am-areris v. -arere, Thou mightest be loved, 

3. Am-aretur, He might be loved ; 
Plur. 1. Am-aremur, We might be loved. 

2. Am-areminij Ye might be loved, 

3. Am-arentur, They might be loved. 

Perfect, may have been. 

Sing?l. Amatus sim vel fuerira, I may have been loved, 

2. Amatus sis v. fueris, Thou mayest have been loved, 

3. Amatus sit v. fuerit, He may have been loved ; 
Plur. 1. Amati simus v. fuerimus, We may have been loved, 

2. Amati sitis v. fueiitis, Ye may have been loved, 

3. Amati sint v. fuerint, They may have been loved. 

Pluperfect, might, could, would or should, have been ; 

or had been. 
Sing. 1. Amatus essem v. fuissem, J might have been loved, 

2. Amatus esses v. fuisses, Thou mightest have been loved, 

3. Amatus esset v. fuisset, lie might have been loved; 



.ECOND CONJUGATION- 65 

Plur. 1. Amatiessemus2?.fuissemus,PF<? might have been loved, 

2. Amati essetis v. fuissetis, Ye might have)been loved, 

3. Amati essent v. fuissent, They might have been loved. 

Future, shall have been. 

Sing. 1. Amatus fuero, I shall have been loved, 

2. Amatus fueiis, Thou shalt have been loved, 

3. Amatus fuerit, He shall have been loved ; 
Plur. 1. Amati fuerimus, We shall have been loved, 

2. Amati fueritis, Ye shall have been loved, 

3. Amati fuerint, They shall have been loved. 

Imperative Mode. 
Sing. 2. Am-are vel am-ator, Be thou loved, 

3. Am-ator, Let him be loved ; 

Plur. 2. Am-amini, Be ye loved, 

3. Am-antor, Let them be loved. 

Infinitive Mode. 
Pres. Am-ari, To be loved, 

Perf. Esse v. fuisse amatus, -a, -um, To have been loved, 
Fut. Amatum, -iri, To be about to be loved. 

Participle. 
Perf. A mat-us, -a, -um, Loved. 

Fut. Aman-dus, -a, -um, To be loved. 

SECOND CONJUGATION. 

Active Voice. 
Doceo, docui, doctum, docere, To teach 

Indicative Mode. 

Present Tense. 
Doceo, J teach, do teach, or am teaching^ 

Doces, Thou teochest, 

Docet, He teaches; 

Docemus, We teach, 

Docetis, Ye teach, 

Docent, They teach. 



66 



SECOND CONJUGATION. 





Imperfect Tense. 


Docebam, 


I taught, did teach, or was teaching, 


Docebas, 


Thou didst teach. 


Doeebat, 


He did teach ; 


Docebamus, 


We did teach. 


Docebatis, 


Ye did teach, 


Docebant, 


They did teach. 




Perfect Tense. 


Dociii, 


I taught, have taught, or did teach, 


Docuisti, 


Thou hast taught, 


Dociiit, 


He has taught ; 


Docuimus, 


We have taught, 


Docuistis, 


Ye have taught, 


Docuerunt vel 




docuere. 


They have taught. 




Pluperfect Tense. 


Docueram, 


I had taught, 


Docueras, 


Thou hadst taught, 


Docuerat, 


He had taught ; 


Docueramus, 


We had taught, 


Docueratis, 


Ye had taught, 


Docuerant, 


They had taught. 




Future Tense. 


Docebo, 


I shall or will teach, 


Docebis, 


Thou shalt teach, 


Docebit, 


He shall teach ; 


Docebimus, 


We shall teach, 


Docebitis, 


Ye shall teach, 


Docebunt, 


They shall teach. 




Subjunctive Mode. 




Present Tense. 


Doceam, 


I may or can teach. 


Doceas 3 


Thou mayest teach, 


Doceat, 


He may teach ; 



SECOND CONJUGATION. 



Doceatnus, We may teach, 

Doceatis, Ye may teach, 

Doceant, They may teach. 

Imperfect Tense. 

Docerem, I might, could, would, or should tc 

Doceres, Thou mightest teach, 

Doceret, He might teach; 

Doceremus, We might teach, 

Doceretis, Ye might teach, 

Docerent, They might teach. 

Perfect Tense. 

Docuerim, I may have taught, 

Docueris, Thou mayest have taught, 

Docuerit, He may have taught ; 

Docuenmus, We may have taught, 

Docueritis, Ye may have taught, 

Docuerint. They may have taught. 

Pluperfect Tense. 
Docuissem, I might, could, would, or should &/; e 

taught ; or had taught, 
Docuisses, Thou mightest have taught^ 

Docuisset, He might have taught ; 

Docuissemus, We might have taught, 
Docuissetis, Ye might have taught, 

Docuissent, They might have taught. 

Future Tense. 

Docuero, I shall have taught, 

Docueris, Thou shalt have taught, 

Docuerit, He shall have taught ; 

Docuenmus, We shall have taught, 

Docueritis, Ye shall have taught, 

Docuerint, They shall have taught. 



68 



SECOND CONJUGATION. 



Imperative Mode. 
Doce vel doceto. Teach thou, or do thou teach, 
Doceto, Let him teach ; 

Docete vel 

docetote. Teach ye, or do ye teach, 

Docento, Let them teach. 

Infinitive Mode. 
Present, Docere, To teach, 
Perfect, Docuisse, To have taught, 
Future, Esse docturus, doctura, docturum, To be about 
to teach. 
Fuisse docturus, doctura, docturum, To have 
been about to teach. 



Present, Docens, 
Future, Docturus, 



Participles. 

Teaching, 
About to teach. 



Nom. Docendum, 
Gen. Docendi, 
Dat. Bocendo, 
Ace. Docendum, 
Abl. Docendo, 

Former, Doctum, 
Latter, Doctu, 



Doceor, 



Doceor, 

Doceris veldocere, 

Docetur, 



Gerunds. 

Teaching, 
Of teaching, 
To teaching, 
Teaching, 
With teaching. 

Supines. 

To teach, 

To teach, or to be taught. 

Passive Voice. 

doctus, doceri, To be taught. 
Indicative Mode. 
Present Tense. 

J am taught, 
Thou art taught, 
He is taught ; 



SECOND CONJUGATION. 



Docemur, 
Docemini, 
Docentur, 



Docebar, 



We are taught, 

Ye are taught, 
They are taught. 



Imperfect Tense. 



Docebaris vel docebare, 

Docebatur, 

Docebamur, 

Docebamini, 

Docebantur, 



I was taught. 
Thou wast taught, 
He was taught ; 
We were taught, 
Ye were taught, 
They were taught. 



Perfect Tense. 



Doctus sum vel fui, 



Doctus es v. fuisti, 
Doctus est v. fuit, 
Docti sumus v. fuimus ? 
Docti estis v. fuistis, 
Docti sunt v. fuerunt, v. 
fuere, 



I am, have been, or was 

taught, 
Thou hast been taught, 
He has been taught ; 
We have been taught, 
Ye have been taught, 

They have been taught. 
Pluperfect Tense. 

Doctus eram v. fueram, I had been taught. 
Doctus eras v. fueras, TIwu hadst been taught, 

Doctus erat v. fuerat, He had been taught ; 

Docti eramus v. fueramus, We had been taught, 
Docti eratis v. fueratis, Ye had been taught, 
Docti erant v. fuerant, They had been taught. 

Future Tense. 



Docebor, 

Doceberis vel docebere, 

Docebitur, 



I shall be taught, 
Thou shalt be taught, 
He shall be taught / 



70 



SECOND CONJUGATION. 



Docebimur, * We shall be taught, 

Docebimini, Ye shall be taught, 

Docebuntur, They shall he taught. 



Docear, 

Docearis vel doceare, 

Doceatur, 

Doceamur, 

Doceamini, 

Doceantur, 



Subjunctive Mode. 

Present Tense. 

I may he taught, 



Thou may est he taught, 
He may he taught ; 
We may he taught, 
Ye may he taught. 
They may he taught* 



Docerer, 

Docereris vel docerere, 

Doceretur, 

Doceremur, 

Doceremini ? 

Docerentur, 



Imperfect Tense. 

I might be taught. 
Thou mightest be taught, 
He might he taught ; 
We might be taught, 
Ye might be taught, 
They might be taught. 



Perfect Tense. 
Doctus sira vel fuerim, I may have been taught, 



Doctus sis v. fueris, 

Doctus sit v. fuerit ? 
Docti simus v. fuerimus, 
Docti sitis v. fueiitis, 
Docti sint v. fuerint, 



Thou mayest have been 

taught, 
He may have been taught ; 
We may have been taught, 
Ye may have been taught, 
They may have been taught. 

Pluperfect Tense. 
Doctus essem v. fuissem, I might have been taught, 
Doctus esses v. fuisses, Thou mightest have been 

taught, 
Doctus esset v. fuisset He might have been taught ; 



THIRD CONJUGATION. 71 

Docti essemus v. fuissemus, We might have been taught, 
Docti essetis v. fuissetis, Ye might have been taught, 
Docti essent v. fuissent, They might havebeen taught. 

Future Tense. 

Doctus fuero, I shall have been taught, 

Doctus fueris, Thou shalt have been taught, 

Doctus fuerit, He shall have been taught; 

Docti fuerimusj We shall have been taught, 

Docti fueritis, Ye shall have been taught, 

Docti fuerint, They shall have been taught. 

Imperative Mode. 
Docere vel docetor, Be thou taught, 

Docetor, Let him be taught ; 

Docermni, Be ye taught, 

Docentor, Let them be taught. 

Infinitive Mode. 
Pres. Doceri, To be taught. 
Perf. Esse vel fuisse doctus, docta, doctum, To have 

been taught. 
Fut. Doctum iri, To be about to be taught. 

Participles. 
Perf. Doctus, docta, doctum, Taught. 
Fut. Docendus, docenda, docendum, To be taught. 

THIRD CONJUGATION. 

Active Voice. 
Lego, legi, lectum, legere, To read* 
Indicative Mode. 
Present Tense. 
Lego, I read, am reading } or do read, 

Legis, Thou readcst, 

Legit, He reads ; 



THIRD CONJUGATION. 



gimus, 


TYe re#e£ ; 


Jitis, 


Ye reac?, 


.gunt, 


TAey re«e?. 




Imperfect Tense. 


gebam, 


I read, or did read, or was reading 9 


; gebas, 


Thou didst read, 


^gebat, 


He read, or did read, 


egebamus, 


We read, or did read, 


cgebatis, 


Ye read, or did read, 


•gebant, 


They read, or did read. 


- 


Perfect Tense. 


*5.gi, m 


I read, or have read, 


^isti, 


Thou hast read, 


• ^ 


He has read; 


gimus, 


We have read, 


gistis, 


Ye have read, 


< erunt vel 




legere, 


They have read. 




Pluperfect Tense. 


°geram, 


/ had read, 


egeras, 


Thou hadst read, 


egerat, 


He had read; 


geramus, 


We had read, 


ogeratis, 


Ye had read, 


i gerant, 


They had read. 




Future Tense. 



ogam, I shall or will read, 

cges, Thou shalt or wilt read. 

<oget, He shall or will read; 

A'gemus, We shall or will read. 7 

'\getis, Ye shall or will read, 

gent, They shall or loill read. 



THIRD CONJUGATION. 



73 



Subjunctive Mode. 
Present Tense. 



Legam, 


I may or can read, 


Legas, 


Thou mayest read, 


Legat, 


He may read ; 


Legamus, 


We may read, 


Legatis, 


Ye may read, 


Legant, 


They may read. 




Imperfect Tense. 


Legerem, 


I might, should, or could read, 


Legeres, 


Thou mightest read, 


Legeret, 


He might read; 


Legeremus, 


We might read, 


Legeretis, 


Ye might read, 


Legerent, 


They might read. 




Perfect Tense. 


Legerim, 


/ may or should have read, 


Legeris, 


Thou mayest have read, 


Legerit, 


He may have read ; 


Legerimus, 


We may have read, 


Legeritis, 


Ye may have read, 


Legerint, 


They may have read. 



Pluperfect Tense. 
Legissem, I might, could, would, or should have 

read, 
Legisses, Thou mightest have read, 

Legisset, He might have read ; 

Legissemus, We might have read, 
Legissetis, Ye might have read, 

Legissent, They might have read. 

Future Tense. 
Legero, I shall have read, 

Legeris, Thou shalt have read, 

Legerit, He shall have read; 

7 



74 



THIRD CONJUGATION. 



Legerimus, 

Legends, 

Legerint, 


We shall have read, 
Ye shall have read, 
They shall have read. 




Imperative Mode. 


Lege v. legito, 

Legito, 

Legite v. legitote^ 

Legunto, 


Read thou, or do thou read, 
Let him read; 
, Read ye, or do ye read, 
Let them read. 




Infinitive Mode. 


Pres. Lege re, To read. 

Perf. Legisse, To have read. 

Put. Esse lecturus, -a ? -um, To be about to read. 

Fuisse lecturus, -a,-um, To have been about to read. 


Present. Legens, 
Future. Lecturus 


Participles. 

Reading. 
, About to read. 




Gerunds. 


Norn. Legendum, 
Gen. Legend!, 
Dat. Legendo, 
Ace. Legendum, 
Abl. Legend o, 


Reading, 

Of reading, 

To reading, 

Reading, 

With or by reading. 


First, Lectum, 
Second, Lectu, 


Supines. 

To read. 

To read, or to be read. 




Passive Voice. 


Legor, Lectus, L&gi, To be read. 




Indicative Mode. 




Present Tense. 


Legor, 

Legeris v. legere, 

Legitur, 


/ am read, 
Thou art read, 
He is read ; 



THIRD CONJUGATION. 7$ 

LegTmur, We are ready 

Legiminij Ye are ready 

Leguntur, They are read. 

Imperfect Tense. 

Legebar, I was read, 
Legebaris vel 

legebar e, Thou wast read, 

Legebatur, He was read; 

Legebamur, We were ready 

Legebamini, Ye were ready 

Legebantur, They were read. 

Perfect Tense. 

Lectus sum vel fui, I have been ready 

Lectus es v. fuisti, Thou hast been ready 

Lectus est v. fait, He has been read ; 

Lecti sumus v. fuimus, We have been ready 

Lecti estis v. fuistis, Ye have been ready 
Lecti sunt, v. fuerunt, v. 

fuere, They have been read. 

Pluperfect Tense. 
Lectus eram v. fueram, I Tiad been read, 
Lectus eras v. fueras, Thou hadst been ready 

Lectus erat v. fuerat, He had been read; 

Lecti eramus v. fueramus, We had been read, 
Lecti eratis v. fueratis, Ye had been ready 
Lecti erant v. fuerant, They had been read* 

Future Tense. 
Legar, T shall or will be ready 

Legeris v. legere, Thou shalt be read, 

Legetur, He shall be read ; 

Legem ur, We shall be ready 

Legemini, Ye shall be ready 

Legentur, They shall be read. 



76 THIRD CONJUGATION. 

Subjunctive Mode. 
Present Tense. 

Legar, J may be read, 
Legaris vel 

legare, Thou mayest he read, 

Legatur, He may be read ; 

Legamur, We may be read, 

Legarmni, Ye may be read, 

Legantur, They may be read. 

Imperfect Tense. 

Legerer, I might be read, 

Legereris v. -ere, Thou mightest be read 7 

Legeretur, He might be read; 

Legeremur, We might be read, 

Legeremini, Ye might be read, 

Legerentur, They might be read. 

Perfect Tense. 

Lectus sim v. fuerim, I may have been read, 

Lectus sis v. fueris, Thou mayest have been read, 

Lectus sit v. fuerit, , He may have been read; 

Lecti simus v. fuerimus, We may have been read, 

Lecti sitis v. fueritis, Ye may have been read, 

Lecti sint v. fuerint, They may have been read. 

Pluperfect Tense. 
Lectus essem v. fuissem, I might have been read, 
Lectus esses v. fuisses, Thou mightest have been 

read, 
Lectus esset v. fuisset, He might have been read; 
Lecti essemus v. fuissemus, We might have been read, 
Lecti essetis v. fuissetis, Ye might have been read, 
Lecti essent v. fuissent, They might have been read. 



THIRD CONJUGATION. 



77 



Lectus fuero, 
Lectus fueris, , 
Lectus fuerit, 
Lecti fuerimus ; 
Lecti fuerltis, 
Lecti fuerint, 



Future Tense. 

I shall have been ready 
Thou shall have been read, 
He shall have been read; 
We shall have been ready 
Ye shall have been ready 
They shall have been read. 



Imperative Mode. 
Lege re vel legitor, Be thou read, 

Legitor, Let him be read; 

Legimini, Be ye ready 

Leguntor, Let them be read. 

Infinitive Mode. 
Pres. Legi, To be read. 

Perf. Esse v. fuisse lectus, To have been read. 
Put. Lectum iri ; To be about to be read. 

Participles. 
Perfect y Lectus, -a, -um, Read. 
Futurey Legendus, -a, -um, To be read. 



Active Voice. 
Capio, cepi ? captum, capere. 
Indicative Mode. 



To take. 





Present Tense. 


Capioj 


I take, am talcing, or do take. 


Capis, 


Thou taJcesty 


Capit, 


He takes ; 


Capimus, 


We tahey 


Capitis, 


Ye take, 


Capiunt, 


They take. 



7# 



78 



THIRD CONJUGATION. 





Imperfect Tense. 


Caplebam, 


I did take, or was taking, 


Capiebas, 


Thou didst* take, 


Capiebat, 


He did take ; 


Capiebamus, 


We did take, 


Capiebatis, 


Ye did take, 


Capiebant, 


They did take. 




Perfect Tense. 


Cepi, 


I have taken, 


Cepisti, 


Thou hast taken, 


Cepit, 


He has taken; 


Cepimus, 


We have taken, 


Cepistis, 


Ye have taken, 


Ceperunt veJ 




cepere, 


They have taken. 




Pluperfect Tense. 


Ceperam, 


I had taken, 


Ceperas, 


Thou hadst taken, 


Ceperat, 


He had taken ; 


Ceperamus ; 


We had taken, 


Ceperatis, 


Ye had taken, 


Ceperant, 


They had taken. 




Future Tense. 


Capiam, 


I shall or will take, 


Capies, 


Thou shalt take, 


Capiet, 


He shall take ; 


Capiemus, 


We shall take, 


Capietis, 


Ye shall take, 


Capient, 


They shall take. 



THIRD CONJUGATION. 



79 





Subjunctive Mode. 




Present Tense. 


Capiam, 


I may or can take. 


Capias, 


Thou may est take. 


Capiat, 


He may take ; 


Capiamus, 


We may take, 


Capiatis, 


Ye may take, 


Capiant, 


They may take. 




Imperfect Tense. 


Caperem, 


I might, could, would, 01 




should take. 


CapereSj 


Thou mightest take, 


Caperet, 


He might take ; 


Caperemus, 


We might take, 


Caperetis, 


Ye might take, 


Caperent, 


They might take. 




Perfect Tense. 


Ceperira, 


I may have taken, 


Ceperis, 


Thou may est have taken, 


Ceperit, 


He may have taken ; 


Ceperimus, 


We may have taken, 


Ceperitis, 


Ye may have taken, 


Ceperint, 


They may have taken. 




Pluperfect Tense. 


Cepissem, 


I might have taken, 


CepisseSj 


Thou mightest have taken, 


Cepisset, 


He might have taken ; 


Cepissemus, 


We might have taken, 


Cepissetis, 


Ye might have taken, 


Cepissent, 


They might have taken. 



80 



THIRD CONJUGATION. 



Future Tense. 



Cepero ? 

CeperiSj 

Ceperit, 

Ceperimus, 

Ceperitis, 

Ceperint, 



I shall have taken. 
Thou shalt have taken? 
He shall have taken ; 
We shall have taken. 
Ye shall have taken, 
They shall have taken. 



Imperative Mode. 

Cape vel capito, Take thou, or do thou take, 

Capito, Let him take ; 

Capite v. capitote, Take ye, 

CapiuntOj Let them take* 

Infinitive Mode. 

Pres. Capere, To take. 

Perf. Cepisse, To have taken. 

Fut. Essecapturus,-a ? -um ? !T0 be about to take. 

Fuisse capturus, -a, -um,To have been about to take. 

Participles. 

Taking. 
About to take. 



Present, Capiens, 
Future, Capturus, 



JYom. 

Gen. 

Dat. 

Ace. 

Abl. 



Capiendum, 

Capiendi, 

Capiendo, 

Capiendum, 

Capiendo, 



1. Captum ? 

2. Captu, 



Gerunds. 

Taking, 

Of taking, 

To taking, 

Taking, 

With or^byjtaking. 

Supines. 
To take. 
To take, or to be taken. 



THIRD CONJUGATION. 



81 



Passive Voice. 

Capior, captus, capi, 

Indicative Mode. 



To be taken. 



Present Tense. 



Capior, 

Caperis v. capere, 

Capitur, 

Capirnur, 

Capimini, 

Capiuntur, 



Capiebar, 

Capiebaris, 

Capiebatur, 

Oapiebarnur, 

Capiebamini, 

Capiebantur, 



I am taken. 
Thou art taken, 
He is taken ; 
We are taken, 
Ye are taken, 
They are taken. 

Imperfect Tense. 

I was taken. 
Thou wast taken, 
He was taken; 
We were taken, 
Ye were taken, 
They were taken* 

Perfect Tense. 



Captus sum v. fui, 
Captus es v. fuisti, 
Captus est v. fuit, 
Capti sumus v. fuirnus, 
Capti estis v. fuistis, 
Capti sunt v. fuerunt, 



I have been taken, 
Thou hast been taken, 
He has been taken ; 
We have been taken, 
Ye have been taken, 
They have been taken. 



Pluperfect Tense. 
Captus eram v. fueram, I had been taken, 
Captus eras v. fueras, Thou hadst been taken, 

Captus erat v. fuerat, He had been taken ; 

Capti eramus v. fueramus. We had been taken, 
Capti eratis v. fueratis, Ye had been taken, 
Capti erant v. fuerant. They had been taken. 



82 



THIRD CONJUGATION. 



Future Tense. 

Capiar, 1 shall be taken, 
Capieris vel 

capiere, Thou shall be taken, 

Capietur, He shall be taken ; 

Capiemur, We shall be taken, 

Capiemini, Ye shall be taken, 

Capientur, They shall be taken. 

Subjunctive Mode. 
Present Tense. 

Capiar, I may be taken, 
Capiaris vel 

capiare, Thou mayest be taken, 

Capiatur, He may be taken ; 

Capiamur, We may be taken, 

Capiamini, Ye may be taken, 

Capiantur, They may be taken. 

Imperfect Tense. 

Caperer, I might be taken, 

Capereris, Thou mightest be taken, 

Caperetur, He might be taken ; 

Caperemur, We might be taken, 

Caperemini, Ye might be taken, 

Caperentur, They might be taken. 

Perfect Tense. 
Captus sim v. fuerim, I may have been taken, 



Captus sis v. fueris, 
Captus sit v. fuerit, 
Capti simus v. fuerimus, 
Capti sitis v. fueritis, 
Capti sint v. fuerint, 



Thou mayest have been taken, 
He may have been taken ; 
We may have been taken, 
Ye may have been taken. 
They may have been taken. 



THIRD CONJUGATION. 83 

Pluperfect Tense. 
Captus essem v. fuissem, I might have been taken, 
Captus esses v. fuisses, Thou might est have been 

taken, 
Captus esset v. fuisset, He might have been taken; 
Capti essemusr. fuissemus, We might have been taken, 
Capti essetis v. fuissetis, Ye might have been taken, 
Capti essent v. fuissent, They might have been taken. 

Future Tense. 

Captus fuero, J shall have been taken, 

Captus fueris, Thou shalt have been taken, 

Captus fuerit, He shall have been taken ; 

Capti fuerlmuSj We shall have been taken, 

Capti fueritis, Ye shall have been taken, 

Capti fuerint, They shall have been taken. 

Imperative Mode. 

2. Capere v. capitor, Be thou taken, 

3. Capitor, Let him be taken $ 

2. Capimini, Be ye taken, 

3. Capiuntor, Let them be taken, 

Infinitive Mode. 

Pres. Capi, To be taken. 

Perf. Esse v. fuisse captus, 

-a, -um, To have been taken. 

Fut. Captum iri, To be about to be taken. 

Participles. 
Perf. Captus, -a, -um, Taken. 
Fut. Capiendus, -a, -um,^To be taken. 



84 



FOURTH CONJUGATION. 



FOURTH CONJUGATION. 

Active Voice. 

Audio, audlvi ? auditum, audire, To hear. 

Indicative Mode. 





Present Tense. 


Audio, 


I hear, am hearing, or do 




hear, 


Audis, 


Thou hearest, 


Audit, 


He hears ; 


Audimus, 


We hear, 


Audltis, 


Ye hear, 


Audiunt, 


They hear. 




Imperfect Tense. 


Audiebam, 


I heard, or did hear, or was 




hearing, 


Audiebas, 


Thou didst hear, 


Audiebat ; 


He heard, or did hear ; 


Audiebamus, 


We heard, or did hear, 


Audiebatis, 


Ye heard, or did hear, 


Audiebant, 


They heard, or did hear. 




Perfect Tense. 


Audivi, 


I heard, or have heard, 


Audivisti, 


Thou hast heard, 


Audivit ; 


He has heard ; 


Audivimus, 


We have heard, 


Audivistis, 


Ye have heard, 


Audiverunt vel 




audivere, 


They have heard. 




Pluperfect Tense. 


Audiveram, 


J had heard, 


Audiveras, 


Thou hadst heard, 


Audiverat, 


He had heard; 



FOURTH CONJUGATION. 



85 



Audiveramus, We had heard, 

Audiveratis, Ye had heard, 

Audiverant, They had heard. 

Future Tense. 

Audiam, I shall or will hear, 

Audies ? Thou shalt or wilt hear, 

Audiet, He shall or will hear ; 

Audiemus, We shall or will hear, 

Audietis, Ye shall or will hear, 

Audient; They shall or will hear. 

Subjunctive Mode. 

Present Tense. 

Audiam , I may or can hear, 

AudiaSj Thou mayest hear, 

Audiat, He may hear ; 

Audiamus, We may hear, 

Audiatis, Ye may hear, 

Audiant, They may hear. 

Imperfect Tense. 

Audirem, I might, should, or could hear, 
Audires, Thou mightest hear, 

Audlretj He might hear ; 

Audiremus, We might hear, 

Audiretis, Ye might hear, 

Audirent, They might hear. 

Perfect Tense. 

Audiverim, I may or should have heard, 

Audiveris, Thou may est have heard, 

Audiverit, He may have heard; 

Audiverimus, We may have heard^ 

Audiveritis, Ye may have heard, 

Audiverint, They may have heard. 



86 



FOURTH CONJUGATION. 



Pluperfect Tense. 

Audivissem, I might, could, would, or 

should have heard, 

Audivisses, Thou mightest have heard, 

Audivisset, He might have heard ; 

Audivissemus, We might have heard, 

Audivissetis, Ye might have heard, 

Audivissent, They might have heard. 

Future Tense. 

Audivero, I shall have heard, 

Audiveris, Thou shalt have heard, 

Audiverit, He shall have heard ; 

Audiverimus, We shall have heard, 

Audiverhisj Ye shall have heard, 

Audiverint, They shall have heard. 

Imperative Mode. 

Audi vel audito, Hear thou, or do thou hear, 

Audito, Let him hear ; 

Audite vel auditote, Hear ye, or do ye hear, 

Audiunto, Let them hear. 

Infinitive Mode. 

Pres. Audire, To hear. 

Perf. Audivisse, To have heard. 

Fut. Esseauditurus,-a,-um,To be about to hear. 

Fuisse auditurus ; -a ; -um, To have been about to hear. 



Participles. 



Present, Audiens, 
Future, Auditurus, 



Hearing. 
About to hear. 



FOURTH CONJUGATION. 



87 



Nom. Audiendum, 
Gen. Audiendi, 
Dat. Audiendo, 
Ace. Audiendum, 
Abl. Audiendo, 



1. Auditum, 

2. Audltu, 



Gerunds. 
Hearing, 
Of hearing, 
To hearing, 
Hearing, 
With or by hearing. 

Supines. 

To hear, 

To hear, or to be heard. 

Passive Voice. 



Audior, auditus, audiri, To be heard. 
Indicative Mode. 



Present Tense. 



Audior, 

Audiris vel audlre, 

Auditur, 

Audimur, 

Audimini, 

Audiuntur, 



Audiebar, 
Audiebaris vel 

audiebare, 
Audiebatur, 
Audiebamur, 
Audiebamini, 
Audiebantur. 



I am heard, 
Thou art heard, 
He is heard ; 
We are heard, 
Ye are heard, 
They are heard. 

Imperfect Tense. 

I was heard, 

Thou wast heard, 
He was heard ; 
We were heard, 
Ye were heard, 
They were heard. 



Perfect Tense. 
Auditus sum vel fui, I have been heard, 

Auditus es v. fuisti, Thou hast been heard, 

Auditus est v. fuit, He has been heard ; 



88 



FOURTH CONJUGATION. 



Auditi sumus v. fuimus, 
Auditi estis v. fuistis, 
Auditi sunt, fuerunt, v. 
fuere, 



We have been heard, 
Ye have been heard. 



They have been heard. 

Pluperfect Tense. 
Auditus eram v. fueram, I had been heard, 
Auditus eras v. fueras, Thou hadst been heard, 
Auditus erat v. fuerat, He had been heard; 
Auditi eramus v. fueramus, We had been heard, 
Auditi eratis v. fueratis, Ye had been heard, 
Auditi erant v. fuerant, They had been heard. 



Audiar, 

Audieris vel audiere, 

Audietur, 

Audiemur, 

Audiemini, 

Audientur, 



Future Tense. 

I shall or will be heard, 
Thou shalt or wilt be heard, 
He shall or will be heard; 
We shall or will be heard, 
Ye shall or will be heard, 
They shall or will be heard. 



Audiar, 

Audiaris vel audiare, 

Audiatur, 

Audiamur, 

Audiamini, 

Audiantur, 



Subjunctive Mode, 

Present Tense. 

I may be heard, 



Thou maycst be heard, 
He may be heard; 
We may be heard, 
Ye may be heard, 
They may be heard. 



Audlrer, 
Audireris vel 

audirere, 
Audiretur, 



Imperfect Tense. 

I might be heard, 

Thou mightest be heard. 
He might be heard; 



FOURTH CONJUGATION. 89 

Audiremur, We might he heard, 

Audiremini, Ye might be heard, 

Audirentur, They might be heard. 

Perfect Tense. 

Audltus sira v. fuerim, I may have been heard, 

Audltus sis v. fueris, Thou may est have beenheard, 

Audltus sit v. fuerit, He may have been heard; 

Auditi simus v. fuerimus, We may have been heard, 
Auditi sitis v. fueritis, Ye may have been heard, 

Auditi sint v. fuerint, They may have been heard* 

Pluperfect Tense. 

Auditus essem v. fuissem, I might have been heard, 
Auditus esses v. fuisses. Thou mightest have been 

heard, 
Auditus esset v. fuisset. He might have been heard ; 
Auditi essemus v. fuissemus,Wie might have been heard, 
Auditi essetis v. fuissetis, Ye might have been heard, 
Auditi essent v. fuissent, They might have been heard. 

Future Tense. 

Auditus fuero, I shall have been heard, 

Audltus fueris, Thou shalt have been heard, 

Auditus fuerit, He shall have been heard ; 

Auditi fuerimus, We shall have been heard, 

Auditi fueritis, Ye shall have been heard, 

Auditi fuerint, They shall have been heard. 

Imperative Mode. 

Audire vel auditor, Be thou heard, 

Auditor, Let him be heard; 

Audimini, Be ye heard, 

Audiuntor, Let them be heard. 

8* 



90 FORMATION OP VERBS. 

Infinitive Mode. 
Pres. Audiri, To be heard. 

Perf. Esse v. fuisse audItus,T0 have been heard. 
Fut. Auditum iri, To be about to be, heard. 

Participles. 
Perf. Audltus, -a, -lira, Heard. 
Fut. Audiendus, -a, -urn, To be heard. 

Formation op Verbs. 

There are four principal parts of a verb, from 
which all the rest are formed ; namely, o of the pres- 
ent, i, of the perfect, um of the supine, and re of the 
infinitive ; according to the following rhyme : 

1. From o are formed am and em. 

2. From i ; ram, rim, ro, sse, and ssem. 

3. [7, us, and rus, are formed from um. 

4. All other parts from re do come ; 

as, bam, bo, rem ; a, e, and i ; 
ns and dus ; dum, do, and di. 

FORMATION OF THE TENSES IN THE ACTIVE VOICE. 

Indicative Mode. 

The Imperfect is formed from the present by chang- 
ing o, in the first conjugation, into dbam; as, am-o, 
-dbam ; in the second, into bam ; as, doc-eo, -ebam ; in 
the third and fourth, into ebam ; as, leg-o, -ebam ; 
audi-o, -ebam. 

The Pluperfect is formed from the perfect by chang- 
ing i into eram; as, amdv-i, -eram ; docu-i, -eram. 

The Future is formed from the present by changing 
o, in the first conjugation, into dbo ; as 5 am-o, -abo ; in 
the second, into bo ; as, doc-eo, ebo ; in the third and 
fourth into am ; as, leg-o, -am ; audi-o> -am. 



FORMATION OF THE TENSES. 91 

Subjunctive Mode, 

The Present is formed from the present indicative 
by changing 0, in the first conjugation, into em ; as, 
am-o, -em ; in the second, third, and fourth, into am ; 
as, doce-O) -am ; leg-o, -am ; audi-o, -am. 

The Imperfect is formed from the present infinitive 
by adding m ; as, amdre, amdrem. 

The Perfect is formed from the perfect indicative 
by changing i into erim ; as, amdv-i, -erim. 

The Pluperfect is formed from the perfect indicative 
by changing i into issem ; as, amdv-i, -issem. 

The Future is formed from the perfect indicative 
by changing i into ero ; as, arndv-z, -ero. 

Imperative Mode* 

The Present is formed from the present infinitive 
by taking away re ; as, amdre, ama ; docere, doce. 

Infinitive Mode. 

The Present is formed from the present indicative 
by changing o, in the first conjugation, into are; as, 
am-o, -are ; in the second and fourth into re ; as, doce- 
o, -re; audi-o, -re; in the third by changing o or io 
into ere ; as, leg-o, -ere ; cap-io, -ere. 

The Future is formed from the supine, by changing 
m into rus and adding esse or fuisse ; as, amdtu-m 7 
-rus, esse or fuisse amaturus. 

The Perfect is formed from the perfect indicative by 
changing i into isse ; as, amav-i, -isse. 

The Gerunds are formed from the participle present 
by changing 5 into dum, di, and do. 

The Participle Present is formed from the present 
indicative by changing 0, in the first conjugation, into 
ans ; as, am-o,ans; in the second, into ns ; dLS,doce-o, 



92 FORMATION OF THE TENSES. 

-ns ; in the third and fourth, into ens ; as, lego, -ens ; 
audi-o, ens. 

The Participle Future is formed from the Supine 
hy changing m into rus ; as, amatu-m, -rus. 

FORMATION OF TENSES IN THE PASSIVE VOICE. 

The tenses of the Indicative and Subjunctive modes 
are formed from those of the active that end in o by 
adding r; or from those that end in m, by changing 
m into r ; as, amo, amem; amor, amer. 

The Perfect and Pluperfect Indicative, and the Per- 
fect, Pluperfect, and Future Subjunctive, are composed 
of the perfect participle declined with the tenses of 
the verb sum. 

The Imperative is the same as the infinitive active. 

The Infinitive Present is formed from the active by 
changing e in the first, second, and fourth conjugations, 
into i ; as, amdr-e, amdr-i ; docer-e, doceri ; audir-e 7 
audiri ; and in the third, ere, into i ; as, leg-ere, legi. 

The Infinitive Future is composed of the former su- 
pine and iri ;* as, amdtum iri. 

The .Perfect Participle is formed from the former 
supine by changing m into s ; as, amdtum^ amdtus. 

The Future Participle is formed from the present 
active by changing s into das ; as, amans, amandus. 

A VERB is commonly said to be conjugated, when 
only its principal parts are mentioned, because from 
them all the rest are derived. 

The first person of the present of the indicative 
is called the Theme or the Root of the verb ; because 
from it the other three principal parts are formed. 

The letters of the verb which always remain the 
same, are called Radical letters ; as, am in am-o. 

* Iri is the infinitive passive of eo. 



DEPONENT AND COMMON VERBS. 93 

The rest are called the Termination ; as, ab&mus in 
am-abdmus. 

All the letters which come before -are, -ere -ere, or 
-ire, of the infinitive, are radical letters. By putting 
these before the terminations, all the parts of any reg- 
ular verb may be readily formed, except the compound 
tenses. 

Deponent and Common Verbs. 

A deponent verb is that which, under a passive 
form, has an active or neuter signification ; as, Lo- 
quor, I speak ; morior, I die. 

A common verb, under a passive form, has either 
an active or passive signification ; as, Criminor, I ac- 
cuse, or I am accused. 

Most deponent verbs of old were the same with 
common verbs. They are called Deponent, because 
they have laid aside the passive sense. 

Deponent and common verbs form the participle 
perfect in the same manner as if they had the active 
voice ; thus, JLcetor, Icetdtus, Iceidri, to rejoice ; ve- 
reor, veritus, vereri, to fear ; fungor, functus, fungi, 
to discharge an office ; potior, potltus, potlri^ to en- 
joy, to be master of. 

Indicative Mode. 

Pres. Laetor, I rejoice ; lsetaris vel -are, thou re- 
joices t, &/C. 

Imp. Laetabar, I rejoiced, or did rejoice; laetabaris, 
&c. 

JPerf Lsetatus sum vel fui, I have rejoiced, &c. 

Pluperf Lsetatus eram vel fueram, I had rejoiced, 
&c. 

Put. Lsetabor, I shall or will rejoice ; laetaberis vel 
-abere, &c. 
Laetaturus sum, J am about to rejoice, or I am 
to rejoice, &c» 



94 IRREGULAR VERBS, 

Subjunctive Mode. 

Pres. Leeter, I may rejoice ; Lseteris vel -ere, &c. 
Imp. Laetarer, I might rejoice ; Isetareris vel -rere, &c. 
Per/. Laetatus sim velfuerim,! may have rejoiced, &c. 
Pluperf. Lsetatus essem vel fuissem, 1 might have re- 
joiced, &c. 
Fut. Laetatus fuero, I shall have rejoiced^ &c. 

Imperative. 
Pres. Lsetare vel -ator, rejoice thou : lsetator, let Mm 
rejoice, &c. 

Infinitive. 
Pres. Laetari, to rejoice. 

Perf. Laetatus esse vel fuisse, to have rejoiced. 
Fut. Laetaturus esse, to be about to rejoice. 

Laetaturus fuisse, to have been about to rejoice. 

Participles. 
Pres. Laetans, rejoicing. 
Perf. Laetatus, having rejoiced. 
Fut. Laetaturus, about to rejoice. 
Laetandus, to be rejoiced at* 

IRREGULAR VERBS. 

The irregular verbs are commonly reckoned eight ; 
sum, eo, queo, volo, nolo, mdlo, fero, and fio, with 
their compounds. 

But properly there are only six ; nolo and malo be- 
ing compounds of volo. 

SUM has already been conjugated. After the same 
manner are formed its compounds, ad-, ab-, de-, inter-, 
prce-, ob-, sub-, super-sum, and in-sum, which last wants 
the preterite ; thus, adsum, adfai, adesse, &c. 

Prosum, to do good, has a d where sum begins 
with e. 

Prosum, prodesse, profui. 



IRREGULAR VERBS. 



95 



Indicative Mode. 
Pr. Pro-sum, prod-es, prod-est; pro-sumus, prod-estis, &c. 
Imp. Prod-eram, prod-eras, prod-erat ; prod-eramus, &c. 
Per. Pro-fui, pro-fuisti, pro-fuit ; pro-fuimus, pro-fuistis, &c. 
Phi. Pro-fueram, pro-fueras, pro-fuerat ; pro-fueramus, &c. 
Put. Prod-ero, prod-eris, prod-erit ; prod-erlmus, &c. 

Subjunctive Mode. 
Pr. Pro-sim, pro-sis, pro-sit ; pro-slmus, pro-sitis, pro-sint. 
Imp. Prod-essem, prod-esses, prod-esset; prod-essemus, &c. 
Per. Pro-fuerim, pro-fueris, pro-fuerit; pro-fuerimus, &c. 
Plu. Pro-fuissem, pro-fuisses, pro-fuisset; pro-fuissemus, &c. 
Fut. Pro-fuero, pro-fueris, pro-fuerit ; pro-fuerimus, &c. 

Imperative Mode. 
Pr. 2. Prod-es or prod-esto. 2. Prod-este or prod-estote, 
3. Prod-esto; 3. Pro-sunto. 

Infinitive Mode, 
Pr. Prod-esse. Fut. Esse pro-futurus, -a, -um. 

Per. Pro-fuisse. Fuisse pro-futiirus. 

Participle. 
Fut. Pro-futurus. 



POSSUM is compounded of potis, able, and sum; 
and is thus conjugated : 

Possum, potui, posse, To be able. 

Indicative Mode. 



Pr. 



Im. 
Per. 



Possum, 

possiimus, 

Poteram, 

poteramus, 

Potui, 

potuimus, 



Plu. Potueram, 
potueramus 

Fut. Potero, 
poterlmus, 



potes, 

potestis, 

poteras, 

poteratis, 

potuisti, 

potuistis, 

potueras, 
potueratis, 
poteris, 
poteritis, 



potest; 
possunt. 
poterat ; 
poterant. 
potuit ; 
potuerunt v. 

potuere. 
potuerat ; 
potuerant. 
poterit ; 
poterunt. 



96 



IRREGULAR VERBS. 



Subjunctive Mode. 



Pr. Possim, 

posslmus, 
Im. Possem, 

possemus, 
Per. Potuerim, 

potuerimus, 
Plu. Potuissem, 

potuissemus, potuissetis, 
Fut. Potuero, potueris, 

potuerimus, potueritis, 



possis, 

possitis, 

posses, 

possetis, 

potueris, 

potueritis, 

potuisses. 



possit ; 

possint. 

posset ; 

possent. 

potuerit ; 

potuerint;. 

potuisset; 

potuissent. 

potuerit; 

potuerint. 



Infinitive. 

Present, Posse. Perfect, Potuisse. 

The rest wanting. 



EQ, ivi, iitum, Ire, To go. 
Indicative Mode. 



Pr. 


Eo, 


is, 


it; 




Inius, 


itis, 


eunt, 


Imp. 


Ibam, 


ibas, 


ibat ; 




ibamus, 


ibatis, 


ibant. 


Per. 


? v j' 


ivisti, 


ivit; 




ivimus, 


ivistis, 


iverunt v. 


Plu. 


Iveram, 


iveras, 


iverat ; 




iveramus, 


iveratis, 


iverant. 


Fut 


Ibo, 


ibis, 


ibit ; 




ibimus, 


ibitis, 


ibunt. 






Subjunctive Mode. 


Pr. 


Earn, 


eas, 


eat; 




eamus, 


eatiSj 


eant. 



lvere. 



IRREGULAR VERBS. 



97 



Imp. 


Irem, 
iremus, 


ires, 

iretis, 


iret; 
irent. 


Per. 


Iverim, 


iveris, 


iverit ; 




iverimus, 


iveritis, 


iverint. 


Plu. 


Ivissem, 


ivisses, 


ivisset ; 




ivissemus, 


ivissetis, 


ivissent. 


Fut. 


Ivero, 


iveris, 


iverit ; 




iverimus, 


iveritis, 


iverint. 



Imperative. 
Pr. % Sing. I vel ito, ito ; 2. Plu. ite vel itote, eunto. 

Infinitive. 

Pres. Ire. Perf. Ivisse. Fut. Esse iturus, -a, -um. 

Fuisse iturus. 



Participles. 

Pr. lens. Gen. euntis. 
Fut. Iturus, -a, -um. 



Gerunds. 

Eundum, 
Eundi, 
Eundo, &c. 



Supines. 

1. Itum. 

2. Itu. 



The compounds of eo are conjugated after the same 
manner ; ad- 9 ab-> ex-, ob-, red-, sub-, per-, co-, in-, 
prce-, ante-,prod-eo : only in the perfect, and the tenses 
formed from it, they are usually contracted ; thus Adeo, 
adii, seldom adivi, aditum, adire, to go to ; perf. Adii, 
adiisti or adisti, &c. adieram, adierim, &c« So like- 
wise veneo, venii, , to be sold, (compounded of 

venum and eo.) But ambio, -ivi, -itum, -ire, to surround, 
is a regular verb of the fourth conjugation. 

QUEO, I can, and NEQUEO, I cannot, are conju- 
gated the same way as eo ; only they want the imper- 
ative and the gerunds ; and the participles are seldom 
used. 

9 



IRREGULAR VERBS. 



VOLO, volui, velle, To will, or to be willing. 
Indicative Mode. 



Pr. 


,V6lo, vis, 


vult ; 




volumus, vultis, 


volunt. 


Im. 


Volebam, volebas, 


volebat ; 




voiebamus, volebatis, 


volebant. 


Per. 


Volui, voluisti, 


voluit ; 




voluimus, voluistis, 


voluerunt vel 
voluere. 


Plu. 


Volueram, volueras, 


voluerat ; 




volueramus, volueratis, 


voluerant. 


Put. 


Volam, voles, 


volet ; 




volemus, voletis, 


volent. 




Subjunctive Mode* 


Pr. 


Velim, velis, 


velit ; 




velimus, velitis, 


velint. 


Im. 


Vellem, velles, 


vellet ; 




vellemus, velletis, 


vellent. 


Per. 


Voluerim, volueris, 


voluerit ; 




voluerimus, volueritis, 


voluerint. 


Plu. 


Voluissem, voluisses, 


voluisset ; 




voluissemus, voluissetis, 


voluissent. 


Put. 


Voluero, volueris, 


voluerit ; 




voluerimus, volueritis, 


voluerint. 




Infinitive. 


Participle. 


Pres. Velle. Perf. Voluisse. 


Pres. Volens 




The rest not used. 



NOLO, nolui, nolle, To be unwilling. 

Indicative Mode. 
Pr, Nolo, nonvis, nonvult ; 

noliimus, nonvultis, nolunt. 



IRREGULAR VERBS. 



99 



Im. Nolebam, nolebas, 
nolebamus, nolebatis, 

Per. Nolui, noluisti, 

noluimus, noluistis, 

Plu. Nolueram, nolueras, 
nolueramus,nolueratis, 

Fut. Nolam, noles, 
nolemus, noletis, 



nolebat ; 
nolebant. 
noluit ; 
noluerunt vel 

noluere. 
noluerat ; 
noluerant. 
nolet ; 
nolent. 



Pr, 



Im. 



Per. 



Subjunctive Mode. 

nolis, 

nolitis, 

nolles, 

nolletis, 

nolueris, 



Nolira, 

nollmus, 

Nollem, 

nollemus, 

Noluerim, 
[noluenmus, nolueritis, 
Plu. Noluissem, noluisses, 

noluissemus^noluissetis, 
Fut. Noluero, nolueris, 
- noluerimus, nolueritis, 



nolit ; 
nolint. 
nollet ; 
nollent. 
noluerit ; 
noluerint. 
noluisset ; 
noluissent. 
noluerit ; 
noluerint. 



Pr. 2. Sing. 



Imperative Mode. 

<Noli»rf 2 PZm> 
\ nolito ; 



nolite vel 
nolitote. 



Infinitive. 

Present, Nolle. Perfect, Noluisse; 

Participle. Pr. Nolefts. The rest wanting. 

MALO, malui, malle, To be more willing. 

Indicative Mode. 

Pr. Malo, mavis, mavult ; 

malumus, mavultis, malunt. 

Im. Malebam, malebas, malebat ; 

malebamus, malebatis, malebant. 



100 



IRREGULAR VERBS. 



Per. 

Flu. 
Fut. 

Pr. 

Im. 
Per. 

Flu. 
Fut. 



Malui, 
maluimus, 



maluisti, 
maluistis, 



Malueram, malueras, 
malueramus, malueratis, 



maluit ; 
maluerunt vel 

maluere. 
maluerat ; 
maluerant. 



Malam, males, malet ; &c 

This is scarcely in use* 

Subjunctive Mode. 



Malim, malis, 

mallmus, malitis, 

Mallem, malles, 

mallemus, malletis, 

Maluerim, malueris, 

maluerimus, malueritis, 

Maluissem, maluisses, 

maluissemus, maluissetis, 

Maluero, malueris, 

maluerimus, malueritis, 

Infinitive Mode. 

Fres. Malle. Perf. Maluisse. 



malit ; 
malint. 
mallet ; 
mallent. 
maluerit ; 
maluerint. 
maluisset ; 
maluissent. 
maluerit ; 
maluerint 



The rest not used. 



FERO, tuli, latum, ferre, To carry, to bring or suffer. 



Pr. 



Im. 
Per. 



Fero, 

ferimus, 

Ferebam, 

ferebamus, 

Tuli, 

tuli m us, 



Active Voice. 
Indicative Mode. 
fers, 

fertis, % 
ferebas, 
ferebatis, 
tulisti, 
tulistis, 



Plu. Tuleram, tuleras, 
tuleramus, tulieratis, 



fert ; 
ferunt. 
ferebat ; 
ferebant. 
tulit ; 
tulerunt vel 

tulere. 
tulerat ; 
tulerant 



IRREGULAR VERBS. 



101 



Fut. 


Feram, 


feres, feret ; 




feremus, 


feretis, ferent. 
Subjunctive Mode. 


Pr. 


Feram, 


feras, ferat ; 




feramus, 


feratis, ferant, 


Im. 


Ferrem, 


ferres, ferret ; 




ferreraus, 


ferretis, ferrent. 


Per. 


Tulerim, 


tuleris, tulerit ; 




tulerimus, 


tuleritis, tulerint. 


Ph. 


Tulissem, 


tulisses, tulisset ; 




tulissemus, 


tulissetis, tulissent 


Fut. 


Tulero, 


tuleris, tulerit ; 




tulerimus, 


tuleritis, tulerint. 
Imperative* 


Pr. 


( Fer, 
( ferto, 


ferto; { ^r'tote, f< 



ferunto. 
lenoie, 

Infinitive. 
Pr. Ferre. Per. Tulisse. Fut. Esse laturus, -a, -um. 

Fuisse laturus, -a, «um. 

Participles. Gerunds. Supines. 

Pr. Ferens. Ferendum, 1. Latum. 

Fut. Laturus, -a, -um. Ferendi, 2. Latu. 
Ferendo, &c. 

Passive Voice. 
Feror, latus, ferri, To be brought. 

Indicative Mode. 
Feror, ferris vel ferre, fertur ; 

ferfmur, ferimini, feruntur. 



Pr. 



102 



IRREGULAR VERBS. 



Im. Ferebar, 



ferebaris vel 
ferebare, 
ferebamur, ferebamini, 
Per. Latus sura v. fui, &c. 
Plu. Latus eram v. fueram, &c. 
fereris vel 



Flit. 



Pr. 



Im. 



Ferar, 
feremur, 

Ferar, 
Feramur, 
Ferrer, 
ferremur, 



ferere, 
feremhii, 

Subjunctive Mode, 
feraris vel 
ferare, 
feramini, 
ferreris vel 
ferrere, 
ferremini, 



ferebatur ; 
ferebantur. 

feretur ; 
ferentur. 

feratur ; 
ferantur. 
ferretur. 
ferrentur. 



Per. Latus sim v, fuerim, &c. 
Plu. Latus essem v. fuissem, &c. 
Put. Latus fuero, &c. 

Imperative Mode. 
Pres. Ferre vel fertor, fertor ; ferimini, feruntor. 

Infinitive. 

Pres. Ferri. Perf. Esse vel fuisse latus, -a, -um. 

Put. Latum iri. 

Participles. 
-um. Fut. Ferendus, -a, -um. 

In like manner are conjugated the compounds of 
fero ; as, ajfero, attuli, alldtum, ; aufero, abstuli, ab- 
latum ; differo, distuli, dildtum ; confero, contuli, col' 
latum $ infero, intuli, illdtum ; offero, obtuli, obldtum ; 
effero, eztuli, eldtum. So circum-, per-, trans-, de- 
pro-, ante-,pra-fero. In some writers we find, adfero, 
adtuli, adldtum ; conldtum, inldtum ; obfero, &c. for 
affero, fyc* 



Perf. Latus, -a, 



DEFECTIVE VERBS. 103 

FIO, factus, fieri, To be made or done, to become. 





Indicative Mode. 


Pr. 


Flo, fis, fit ; 




fimus, fitis, fiunt. 


Inu 


Fiebam, fiebas, fiebat ; 




fiebaraus, fiebatis, fiebant. 


Per. 


Factus sum vel fui, &c. 


Plu. 


Factus eram vel fueram, &c. 


Fat. 


Fiam, fies, fiet ; 




fieraus, fietis, fient. 




Subjunctive Mode. 


Pr. 


Fiam, fias, fiat ; 




fiamus, fiatis, fiant. 


Im. 


Fierem, fieres, fieret ; 




fieremus, fieretis, fierent. 


Per. 


Factus sim vel fuerim, &c. 


Plu. 


Factus essem vel fuissem, &c. 


Fut. 


Factus fuero, factus fueris, &c. 




Imperative. 




\ fito, * \ fitote, 



fiunto. 



Infinitive. 



PT7-- . Per. Esse vel fuisse factus, -a, -um. 

r. fieri. ^ , ^ . . ; ' 

rut. t actum in. 

Participles. Supine. 

jer. Factus, -a, -um. Factu. 

Fut. Faciendus, -a, -um. 

DEFECTIVE VERBS. 

Verbs are called Defective, which are 
not used in certain tenses and numbers and 
persons. 



104 



DEFECTIVE VERBS, 



These three ddi, ccepi^ and memini, are used only Id 
the preterite tenses ; and therefore are called Preter- 
itive Verbs ; though they have sometimes likewise a 
present signification ; thus, 

Odi, I hate, or have hated, oderam^ oderim, odissem? 
odero, odisse. Participles, osus, osurus ; exbsus, per- 
osus. 

Cozpi, I begin, or have begun, cosperam, -erim, -is- 
-sem, -ero, isse. Supine, cozptu. Participles, cosptus, 
cozpturus. 

Memini) I remember, or have remembered, me- 
miner am, -erim, -issem, -ero, -isse. Imperative, me- 
mento, mementote. 

Furo, to be mad, dor, to be given, and for, to speak, 
as also, der and fer, are not used in the first person 
singular ; thus, we say, daris, datur ; but never dor. 

Of verbs which want many of their chief parts, the 
following most frequently occur : Mo, I say ; inquam, 
I say ; forem, I should be ; ausim, contracted for ausus 
sim, I dare ; faxim, I ? 11 see to it, or I will do it ; ave, 
and salve, save you, hail, good-morrow; cedo, tell 
thou, or give me ; quceso, I pray. 

Ind. Pr. 



Im. 
Per. 

Sub. Pr. 

Imperat. 
Ind. Pr. 

Im. 



Aio, 

Aiebam, 
aiebamus, 



aiebas, 

aiebatis, 

aisti, 



ait ; 
aiunt. 
aiebat ; 
aiebant. 



aias, 
aiatis, 



aiat ; 
aiant. 



Particip. Pres. Aiens. 



Inquam, 
inquimus, 



mquis, 
inqmtis, 



inquit ; 
inquiunt. 
inquiebat; 
inquiebant. 



DEFECTIVE VERBS. 105 

Per. inquisti, 



Fut. inquies, inquiet : 



Imperat. Inque, inquito. Particip. Pr. Inquiens. 

Im. 
Plu. 



ub. 1*. j Forem, fores, foret ; 



foremus, foretis, forent. 

Inf. Fore, to be hereafter, or to be about to be, the 
same with esse futurus. 

Sub. Pr. Ausim, ausis. ausit ; 



Per. Faxim, faxis, faxit ; 

faxint. 

Fut. Faxo, faxis, faxit ; 

faxitis, faxint 

Faxim and faxo are used instead of fecerim and 
fecero. 

Imper. Ave vel aveto ; plur. avete vel avetote. 
Inf. Ave re. 

Imper. Salve vel salveto ; salvete -vel salvetote. 
Inf. Salvere. 

Indie. Fut. Salvebis. 

Imperat. second pres. sing. Cedo, plur. cedite. 
Indie, pres. first pers. sing. Quaeso, plur. qusesiimus.* 



* Most of the other Defective verbs are but single words, and 
rarely to be found, but among the poets; as, inftt,he begins; 
defit, it is wanting. Some are compounded of a verb and the 
conjunction si ; as, sis, for si vis, if thou wilt ; sultis, for si vultis ; 
sodes for si audes, equivalent to qu&so, I pray ; capsis for cape 
si vis. 



106 



IMPERSONAL VERBS. 



IMPERSONAL VERBS. 

A verb is called Impersonal, which has 
only the terminations of the third person 
singular, but does not admit any person or 
nominative before it. 

Impersonal verbs, in English, have before them the 
neuter pronoun it, which is not considered as a per- 
son ; thus delectat, it delights ; decet, it becomes ; 
contingit, it happens ; evenit, it happens : 





First Conjugation 


► Second Conjugation 


Ind. Pr. 


Delectat, 


Decet, 


Im. 


Delectabat ? 


Decebat, 


Per. 


Delectavit, 


Decuit, 


Plu. 


Delectaverat ? 


Decuerat, 


Put. 


Delectabit. 


Decebit. 


Sub. Pr. 


Delectet, 


Deceat, 


Im. 


Delectaret, 


Deeeret, 


Per. 


Delectaverit, 


Decuerit, 


Plu. 


Delectavisset, 


Decuisset, 


Put. 


Delectaverit. 


Decuerit. 


Inf. Pr. 


Delectare. 


Decere. 


Per. 


Delectavisse. 


Decuisse. 




Third Conjugation 


. Fourth Conjugation, 


Ind. Pr. 


Contingit 3 


Eve nit, 


Im. 


Contingebat, 


Eveniebat ? 


Per. 


Contigit, 


Evenit ? 


Plu. 


Contigerat, 


Eveneratj 


Fut. 


Continget. 


Eveniet. 


Sub. Pr. 


Contingat, 


Eveniat. 


Im. 


Contingeret, 


Evenlret ? 


Per. 


Contigerit, 


Evenerit^ 



IMPERSONAL VERBS. 



107 



Plu. 
Fut. 

Inf. Pr. 
Per. 



Evenisset, 
Evenerit. 



Contigisset, 
Contigerit. 

Contingere. E venire. 

Contigisse. Evenisse. 

Most Latin verbs may be used impersonally in the 

passive voice, especially Neuter and Intransitive 

verbs which otherwise have no passive ; as, pugnd- 

tur, favetur, curritur, venitur ; from pugno, to fight ; 

faveo, to favor ; curro, to run ; venio, to come : 

First Conjugation. Second Conjugation, 
hid. Pr. Pugnatur ? 

Pugnabatur, 
Pugnatum est, 



Sub. 



Inf. 



Ind. 



Sub. 



Pr. 

Plu. 
Per. 
Im. 

Fut. 

Per. 

Im. 

Pr. 

Plu. 

Fut. 

Pr. 
Per. 

Fut. 



Pr. 
Im. 
Per. 

Plu. 

Fut. 

Pr. 
Im. 
Per. 



Pugnatum erat, 
Pugnabitur. 

Pugnetur, 
Pugnaretur, 
Pugnatum sit, 
Pugnatum esset, 
Pugnatum fuerit. 



Favetur, 
Favebatur, 
Fautum est, 
Fautum erat, 
Favebitur. 

Faveatur, 
Faveretur, 
Fautum sit, 
Fautum esset, 
Fautum fuerit. 

Faveri. 
Fautum esse. 
Fautum iri. 



Pugnari. 
Pugnatum esse. 
Pugnatum iri. 

Third Conjugation. Fourth Conjugation. 



Curritur, 
Currebatur, 
Cursurn est, 
Cursum erat, 
Curretur. 

Curratur, 
Curreretur, 
Cursum sit, 



Venitur, 
Veniebatur, 
Ventum est, 
Ventum erat, 
Venietur. 

Veniatur, 
Veniretur, 
Ventum sit, 



108 REDUNDANT VERBS. 

Flu. Cursum esset, Ventum esset, 

Fut. Cursum fuerit. Ventum fuerit, 

Inf. Pr. Curri. Venlri. 

Per. Cursum esse. Ventum esse. 

Fut. Cursum iri. Ventum iri. 

Obs. Grammarians reckon only ten real imper- 
sonal verbs, and all in the second conjugation ; de- 
cel, it becomes ; pcenitet, it repents ; oportet, it be- 
hoves ; miseret, it. pities ; piget, it irketh ; pudet, it 
shameth ; licet, it is lawful ; Tibet or lubet, it pleaseth ; 
tcedet, it wearieth ; liquet, it appears. Of which the 
following have a double preterite ; miseret, miseruit, 
or misertum est ; piget, piguit, or pigltum est ; pudet, 
puduit, or puditum est ; licet, licuit, or lidtum est ; li- 
bet, libuit, or libitum est; tcedet, tceduit, or tcesum est, 
oftener pertcesum est. But many other verbs are used 
impersonally in all the conjugations. 

REDUNDANT VERBS. 

Those are called Redundant Verbs, which have dif- 
ferent forms to express the same sense : thus, assentio 
and assentior, to agree ; fabrico and fabricor, to 
frame ; mereo and mereor, to deserve, &c. These 
verbs, however, under the passive form, have like- 
wise a passive signification. 

To these we may add the verb EDO, to eat, which, 
though regularly formed, also agrees in several of its 
parts with sum ; thus, 

Ind. Pres. Edo, edis or es, edit or est ; — — edltis or 
estis 

Sub. Imperf. Ederem or essem, ederes or esses, Sfc. 

Imp. Ede or cs, edito or esto ; edite or este ; editote 
or estote. 

Inf. Pres. Edere or esse. 

Passive Ind. Pres. Editur or estur. 1 



PARTICIPLE. 109 

DERIVATION AND COMPOSITION OF VERBS. 

Verbs are derived either from nouns or from 
other verbs. 

Verbs derived from nouns are called Denominative ; 
as, Cceno, to sup ; laudo, to praise ; fraudo, to de- 
fraud ; lapido, to throw stones ; operor, to work ; 
frwnentor, to forage ; lignor, to gather fuel, &c. from 
cosna, laus, fraus, &c. But when they express imi- 
tation or resemblance, they are called Imitative; as, 
patrisso, Gracor, bubulo, cornicor, &c. I imitate or 
resemble my father, a Graecian, a crow, &c. from 
pater, Gr&cus, comix. 

Of those derived from other verbs, the following 
chiefly deserve attention : namely, Frequentatives, 
Inceptives, and Desideratives. 

PARTICIPLE. 

A Participle is a kind of adjective formed from a 
verb, which in its signification implies time. 

It is so called, because it partakes both of an ad- 
jective and of a verb, having in Latin, gender and 
declension from the one, time and signification from 
the other, and number from both. Participles in 
English, like adjectives, admit of no variation. 

Participles in Latin are declined like adjectives ; 
and their signification is various according to the 
nature of the verbs from which they come ; only 
participles in dus are always passive, and import not 
so much future time, as obligation or necessity. 

Latin verbs have four Participles, the 
present and future active ; as, Jlmans, lov- 
ing ; amaturus, about to love ; and the per- 
fect and future passive ; as, amatus, loved, 
amandus, to be loved. 
10 



HO PARTICIPLE. 

Neuter verbs have commonly but two 
Participles ; as Sedens, sessurus ; starts, sta- 
tiirus. 

Deponent and Common verbs have com- 
monly four Participles ; as, 

Loqaens, speaking ; locutiirus, about to speak ; locu- 
tus, having spoken ; loquendus, 10 be spoken. Dig- 
nans, vouchsafing ; dignaturus, about to vouchsafe; 
digndtus, having vouchsafed, being vouchsafed, or 
having been vouchsafed ; dignandus, to be vouch- 
safed. Many participles of the perfect tense from De- 
ponent verbs have both an active and passive sense ; 
as, Abomindtus, condtus, confessus, adortus, amplexus, 
Manditusi largitus^nentitus, oblitus, testatum venerdtus, 
&c. 

If from the signification of a Participle 
we take away time, it becomes an adjec- 
tive, and admits the degrees of comparison ; 
as, 

Avians, loving ; amantior, amantissimus ; doctus, learn- 
ed, doctior, doctissimus; or a substantive ; as, Pr&fec- 
tus, a commander or governor ; consonans,f. sc. liter a, 
a consonant ; continens, f. sc. terra, a continent ; con- 
fluens, m. a place where two rivers run together; 
oriens, m. sc. sol, the east ; occidens, m. the west ; 
dictum, a saying ; scriptum, &c. 

There are many words in ATUS, ITUS, and 
VTUS, which, although resembling participles, are 
reckoned adjectives, because they come from nouns, 
and not from verbs. 

There is a kind of verbal adjectives in BUN- 
DUS, formed from the imperfect of the indicative, 
which very much resemble participles in their sig- 



GERUNDS AND SUPINES. II] 

nification, but generally express the meaning of the 
verb more fully, or denote an abundance or great 
deal of the action : as, vitahundus, the same with 
valde vitans, avoiding much : So errabundus, ludibun- 
dus, populabundus, moribundus, &c. 



GERUNDS AND SUPINES, 

Gerunds are participial words, which bear 
the signification of the verb from which they 
are formed : and are declined like a neuter 
noun of the second declension, through all 
the cases of the singular number except the 
vocative. 

There are both in Latin and English, substantives 
derived from the verb, which so much resemble the 
Gerund in their signification, that frequently they 
may be substituted in its place. They are generally 
used, however, in a more undetermined sense than 
the Gerund, and in English have the article always 
prefixed to them. Thus with the gerund, Delector 
legendo Ciceronem, I am delighted with reading Cice- 
ro, But with the substantive, Delector lectione Cicc- 
ronis, I am delighted with the reading of Cicero. 

The Gerund and Future Participle of verbs in io, 
and some others often take u instead e; as^faciun- 
dum 9 di, do, dus : experiundum, potiundum, gerundum 9 
potundiim, ducundum, &c. for faciendum, &c. 

Supines have much the same signification 
with Gerunds : and may be indifferently ap- 
plied to any person or number. They agree 
in termination with nouns of the fourth de- 



112 ADVERB. 

clension, having only the accusative and ab- 
lative cases. 

The former supine is commonly used in an active-, 
and the latter in a passive sense, but sometimes the 
contrary ; as, coctum non vapuldtum, dudum conductus 
fui 9 i. e. ut vapuldrem, v. verherdrer, to be beaten* 

ADVERB. 

An adverb is an indeclinable part of speech, 
added to a ver b 9 adjective, or other adverb^ 
to express some circumstance, quality, or 
manner of their signification. 

All adverbs may be divided into two classes, name- 
ly, those which denote Circumstance; and those which 
denote Quality, Manner, &c. 

I. Adverbs denoting Circumstance are chiefly 
those of Place, Time, and Order. 

II. Adverbs denoting quality, manner, &c. are 
either Absolute or Comparative. 

Adverbs derived from adjectives are commonly 
compared like their primitives. The positive gene- 
rally ends in e, or ter ; as dure, facile \ acriter : the 
comparative, in ius ; as, durius, facilius, acrius : the 
superlative, in ime ; as durissime, facillime, acerrimt. 

PREPOSITION. 

A Preposition is an indeclinable part of 
speech, which shows the relation of one word 
to another. 



PREPOSITION. 



US 



There are twenty-eight prepositions in 
Latin, which govern the accusative ; that is, 
have an accusative after them. 



Ad, 




To. 


Apud, 
Ante, 




At. 
Before. 


Adversus, ? 
Adversum, S 


Against, towards. 


Contra, 




Against. 


Cis, 
Citra, 


i 


On this side. 


Circa, 
Circum, 


I 


About. 


Erga, 




Towards. 


Extra, 




Without. 


Inter, 
Intra, 




Between, among. 
Within. 


Infra, 




Beneath. 


Juxta, 
Ob, 




Nigh to. 
For. 


Propter, 

Per, 

Praeter, 




For, hard by. 
By, through. 
Besides, except. 


Penes, 

Post, 

Pone, 




In the power of. 

After. 

Behind. 


Secus, 

Secundum, 

Supra, 

Trans, 

Ultra, 


By, along. 

According to. 

Above. 

On the farther side. 

Beyond. 



10* 



114 



PREPOSITION. 



The prepositions which govern the ablative 
are fifteen, namely, 

A, 



Ab, 


£ From or by. 


Abs, 


3 


Absque, 


Without, 


Cum, 


With 


Clam, 


Without the knowledge of. 


Coram, 


Before, in the presence of 
Of concerning, * 


De, 


Ex, § 


Of out of 


Pro, 


For. 


Pra?, 


Before. 


Palam, 


With the knowledge of 


Sine, 


Without. 


Tenus, 


Up to, as far as. 



These four govern sometimes the accusa- 
tive, and sometimes the ablative. 

In, In, Into. Sub, Under, 

Super, Above. Subter, Beneath. 

Obs. There are five or six syllables, namely, 
am, di or dis, re, se, con, which are commonly called 
Inseparable prepositions, because they are only to be 
found in compound words : however they generally 
add something to the signification of the words with 
which they are compounded : thus, 



Am, 
Di, 
Dis, 
Re, 

Se, 



round about. 

asunder. 

again. 

aside, or apart. 





CONJUNCTION. 


Con, 


together. 




as, 


Arnbio, 


to surround. 


Divello. 


to pull asunder. 


Distraho, 


to draw asunder. 


Relego, 


to read again. 


Sepono, 


to lay aside. 


Concresco, 


to grow together. 



115 



INTERJECTION. 

An interjection is an indeclinable word 
thrown in between the parts of a sentence, 
to express some passion or emotion of the 
mind. 

Some interjections are natural sounds, and common 
to all languages ; as, Oh ! M ! 

Interjections express in one word a whole sentence, 
and thus fitly represent the quickness of the pas- 
sions. 

CONJUNCTION. 

A conjunction is an indeclinable word* 
which serves to join sentences together. 

Conjunctions are divided into Copulative and Dis- 
junctive. 



116 SYNTAX, OR 



SENTENCES. 



A Sentence is any thought of the mind 
expressed by two or more words put toge- 
ther ; as, / read. The boy reads Virgil. 

That part of grammar which teaches to 
put words rightly together in sentences, is 
called Syntax or Construction. 

Words in sentences have a twofold rela- 
tion to one another; namely, that of Con- 
cord or Agreement ; and that of Government 
or Influence. 

Concord, is when one word agrees with 
another in some accidents; as, in gender, 
number, person, or case. 

Government, is when one word requires 
another to be put in a certain case or mode. 

GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF SYNTAX. 

1. In every sentence there must be a verb and a 
nominative expressed or understood. 

2. Every adjective must have a substantive ex- 
pressed or understood. 

3. All the cases of Latin nouns, except the nomina- 
tive and vocative, must be governed by some other 
word. 

4. The genitive is governed by a substantive noun 
expressed or understood. 

5. The dative is governed by adjectives and verbs. 

6. The accusative is governed by an active verb, 
or by a preposition : or is placed before the infini- 
tive. 



CONSTRUCTION OF WORDS IN SENTENCES. 117 

7. The vocative stands by itself, or has an inter- 
jection joined with it. 

8. The ablative is governed by a preposition ex- 
pressed or understood. 

9. The infinitive is governed by some verb or ad- 
jective. 

All sentences are either Simple or Com- 
pound. 

Syntax therefore may be divided into two parts, ac- 
cording to the general division of sentences. 

SIMPLE SENTENCES. 

A simple sentence is that which has but 
one nominative and one finite verb ; that is, 
a verb in the indicative, subjunctive, or im- 
perative mood. 

In a simple sentence, there is only one 
Subject and one Attribute. 

The Subject is the word which marks 
the person or thing spoken of. 

The Attribute expresses what we af- 
firm concerning the subject, as, 

The boy reads his lesson : Here f 1 the boy," is the 
Subject of discourse, or the person spoken of: u reads 
his lesson," is the Attribute, or what we affirm con- 
cerning the subject. The diligent boy reads his les- 
son carefully at home. Here we have still the same 
subject, "• the boy/' marked by the character of " dili- 
gent/' added to it ; and the same attribute, " reads 
his lesson," with the circumstances of manner and 
place subjoined, " carefully," " at home." 



118 AGREEMENT OP WORDS IN SENTENCES. 

CONCORD. 

The following words agree together in 
sentences, 1. A substantive with a substan- 
tive. 2. An adjective with a substantive. 
3. A verb with a nominative. 

1. Agreement of one Substantive with another. 

Rule I. Substantives signifying the same 
thing agree in case ; as, 

Cicero orator, Cicero, the orator ; Ciceronis oratoris, of Cicero 

the orator. 
Urhs Athena, the city of Athens ; Urbis Athendrum, of the city 

Athens. 

2. Agreement of an Adjective with a Substantive. 

II. An Adjective agrees with a Substan- 
tive in gender, number, and case ; as, 

Bonus vir, a good man ; Boni viri, good men. 

Fcerriina casta, a chaste woman ; Fcemlnce. casta, chaste women. 
Dulce pomum, a sweet apple ; Dulcia poma, sweet apples. 

And so through all the cases and degrees of com- 
parison. 

This rule applies also to adjectives, pronouns, and 
participles : as, Mens liber, my book ; ager colendus, 
a field to be tilled ; Plur. Mei libri, agri colendi 9 &c. 

Obs. L The substantive is frequently understood, 
or its place supplied by an infinitive ; and then the 
adjective is put in the neuter gender; as, triste; 
scilicet, negotium, a sad thing; Tunm scire, the same 
with tua scientia, thy knowledge. We sometimes, 
however, find the substantive understood in the femi- 
nine ; as, Non posterioresferam, supply partes. 



AGREEMENT OF WORDS IN SENTENCES. 119 

Obs. 2. An adjective often supplies the place of a 
substantive ; as, Certus amicus, a sure friend ; Bona 
ferina, good venison ; Summum bonum,\he chief good : 
Homo being understood to amicus, caro to ferina, and 
negotium to bonum. A substantive is sometimes used 
as an adjective. 

Obs. 3. These adjectives, primus, medius, ultimus, 
extremus, infhnus, imus, summus, supremus, reliquus, 
catera, usually signifies the first part, the middle part, 
&c. of any thing ; as, Media nox, the middle part of 
the night; Summa arbor, the highest part of a tree. 

3. Agreement of a Verb with a Nominative. 

III. A verb agrees with its Nominative 
in number and person ; as, 

Ego lego, I read ; Nos legimus, We read. 

Tu scribis, Thou writest or you 

wr ite ; Vos scribitis, Ye or you write. 

Prceceptor docet, the master 

teaches; Prceceptores docent, Masters 

teach. 

Obs. 1. Ego and nos are of the first person ; tu and 
vos of the second person ; Me, and all other words, 
of the third. The nominative of the first and second 
person in Latin is seldom expressed, unless for the 
sake of emphasis or distinction 5 as tu es patrbnus> tu 
pater. Tu legis, ego scribo. 

Obs. 2. An infinitive, or some part of a sentence, 
often supplies the place of a nominative ; as, Mentiri 
est turpe, to lie is base ; Diu non perlitatum tenuit dic- 
tatorem ; the sacrifice not being attended with favora- 
ble omens, detained the dictator for a long time. 
Sometimes the neuter pronoun id or Mud is added, to 



120 AGREEMENT OP WORDS IN SENTENCES. 

express the meaning more strongly ; as, Facere qum 
Ubet } id est esse regem. 

Obs. 3. The infinitive mode often supplies the 
place of the third person of the imperfect of the in- 
dicative ; as, Millies fugere, the soldiers fled, for fu- 
giebant or fugere coejpermit. lnvidere omnes mihi, for 
invidebant. 

Obs. 4. A collective noun may be joined with a 
verb either of the singular or of the plural number ; 
as, Multitudo stat, or stant ; the multitude stands, or 
stand. 

Accusative before the Infinitive. 

IV. The infinitive mode has an accusa- 
tive before it ; as, 

Gaudeo te valere. I am glad that you are well. 

Obs. 1. The participle that in English, is the sign of 
the accusative before the infinitive in Latin, when it 
comes between two verbs without expressing inten- 
tion or design. Sometimes the particle is omitted ; 
as, Aiunt regem adventdre, They say the king is com- 
ing, that being understood. 

Obs. 2. The accusative before the infinitive al- 
ways depends upon some other verb, commonly on a 
neuter or substantive verb ; but seldom on a verb 
taken in an active sense. 

Obs. 3. The infinitive, with the accusative before 
it, seems sometimes to supply the place of a nomina- 
tive ; as, Turpe est militem fugere. That a soldier 
should fly is a shameful thing. 



GOVERNMENT OF SUBSTANTIVES. 121 

Obs. 4. The infinitive esse or fuisse^ must frequent- 
ly be supplied ; especially after participles ; as, 
Hostium exercitum casum f us unique cognoui. Some- 
times both the accusative and infinitive are under- 
stood ; as, Pollicitus suscepturum, sell, me esse. 

Obs. 5. The infinitive may frequently be otherwise 
rendered by the conjunctions quod, lit, ne, or quin ; 
as, Gaudeo te valere, i. e. quod xaleas, or propter tuam 
honam valetudinem. 

The same Case after a Verb as before it. 

V. Any Verb may have the same Case 
after it as before it, when both words refer 
to the same thing ; as, 

Ego sum discipulus, I am a scholar. 

Tu vocdris Joannes, You are named John. 

Ilia incedit reglna, She walks as a queen. 

Scio ilium habiri sapientem, I know that he is esteemed wise. 

Scio vos esse discip&los, I know that you are scholars. 

GOVERNMENT. 
I. The Government of Substantives. 

VI. One Substantive governs another in 
the genitive, (when the latter substantive sig- 
nifies a different thing from the former ;) as, 

Amor Dei, the love of God. Lex naturce, the law of nature. 

Domus Ccesaris, The house of Cassar, or Caesar's house. 

Obs. 1. We find the dative often used after a verb 
for the genitive, particularly among the poets \ as ? 
Ei corpus porrigitur^ His body is extended. 

11 



122 GOVERNMENT OF SUBSTANTIVES. 

Obs. 2. The genitive in Latin is often rendered in 
English by several other particles besides of; as, 
Descensus Averni, the descent to Avernus ; Prudentia 
juris, skill in the law. 

SUBSTANTIVE PRONOUNS are governed in 
the genitive like substantive nouns ; as, pars met, a 
part of me. 

VII. If the latter Substantive have an Ad- 
jective of praise or dispraise joined with it, 
it may be put in the genitive or ablative ; as, 

Vir summcE prudentim, or summd 

prudentid. A man of great wisdom. 

Puer probce indolis, or probd in- 
dole. A boy of a good disposition. 

Among the poets the latter substantive is fre- 
quently put in the accusative by a Greek construc- 
tion ; secundum, or quod ad, being understood by the 
figure commonly called Synecdoche ; as, Miles fr actus 
membra, i. e.fractus secundum or quod ad membra, or 
habens membra fr act a. Os humerosque deo similis. 

Adjectives taken as Substantives. 

VIII. An adjective in the neuter gender 
without a substantive governs the genitive ; 
as, 

Multum pecunice, Much money. 

Quid rei est ? What is the matter ? 

Opus and Usus, 

IX. Opus and Usus, signifying Need, re- 
quire the ablative ; as, 



GOVERNMENT OF ADJECTIVES. 123 

Est opus pecunid, There is need of money. 

Usus viribus, Need of strength. 

II. The Government of Adjectives. 
1. Adjectives governing the Genitive. 

X. Verbal adjectives, or such as signify 
an affection of the mind, govern the genitive; 
as, 

Amdus gloria, Desirous of glory. 

Memor benejicidrum, Mindful of favors. 

Ignarus fraudis, Ignorant of fraud. 

To this rule belong, I. Verbal adjectives in AX ; 
as, capaz, &c. and certain participial adjectives in NS 
and TUS ; as, amans, &c. II. Adjectives expressing 
various affections of the mind : 1. Desire ; as avd- 
rns, &c. 2. Knowledge, ignorance, and doubting; 
as, callidus, &c. Ignarus, ambiguus, &c. 3. Care 
and diligence, and the contrary ; as, anzius, incurio- 
sus, &c. 4. Fear and confidence; as, formidolosus, 
impavidus. 5. Guilt and innocence ; as, nozius, in- 
nozius. 

Obs. 1. Verbals in NS are used both as adjectives 
and participles ; thus, patiens algoris, able to bear 
cold ; and patiens algorem, actually bearing cold. So 
amans virtutis, and amans virtutem : doctus grammati- 
cs, skilled in grammar ; doctus grammaticam, one who 
has learned it. 

XL Partitives, and words placed parti- 
tively, comparatives, superlatives, interroga- 
tives, and some numerals, govern the geni- 
tive plural ; as, 



124 GOVERNMENT OP ADJECTIVES. 

JLUquis philosoplwrum, Some one of the philosophers. 

Senior fratrum, The elder of the brothers. 

Doctissimus Romanorum, The most learned of the Romans. 

Quis nostrum? Which of us ? 

Una musdrum, One of the muses. 

Octdvus sapientum, The eighth of the wise men. 

Adjectives are called Partitives, or are said to be 
placed partitively, when they signify a part of any 
number of persons or things, having after them, in 
English, of or among ; as, alius, radius, solus, &c. quis 
and qui, with their compounds. 

2. Adjectives governing the Dative. 

XII. Adjectives signifying profit or dis- 
profit, likeness or unlikeness, &c. govern the 
dative; as, 

Utilis hello, Profitable for war. 

Pemiciosus reipubliccB, Hurtful to the commonwealth. 

Similis patri. Like to his father. 

Or thus ; Any adjective may govern the 
dative in Latin, which has the signs TO or 
FOR after it in English. 

To this rule belong : 

1. Adjectives of profit or disprofit; as, Benignus, 

bonus, comm6dus,felix,fructudsus, prosper, saluber. 

Calamitosus, damnosus, dims, exitiosus, funestus, in- 
commodus, mains, noxius, pemiciosus, pestifer. 

2. Of pleasure or pain ; as, Acceptus, dulcis, gratus, 

gratiosus,jucundus } Iceius, suavis. Acerbus, amdrus, 

insudvis, injucundus, ingrdtus, molestus, tristis. 

3. Of friendship or hatred ; as, Addictus, aquus, 
amicus, benevblus, blandus, cams, deditus, fidus, fidelis, 
lenisj mitis, propitius. Adversus, amulus^ asper^ 



GOVERNMENT OF ADJECTIVES. 125 

crudelis,contrarius, infensus, infestus, infidus, intimitis, 
inimxcus, iniquus, invlsus, invidus, irdtus, odiosus, sus- 
pectus, trux. 

4. Of clearness or obscurity ; as, Apertus, certus, 
comperius, conspicuus, manifestus, not us 9 perspicuus. 
Ambiguus, dubius, ignotus, incertus, obscurus. 

5. Of nearness ; as, Finitimus, propior, proximus, 
propinquus, socius, vicinus. 

6. Of fitness or unfitness ; as, Aptus, apposltus, 
accommoddtus, kahilis, idoneus, opJportunus. — — Inep- 
tus, inhabilis, importunus, inconveniens. 

7. Of ease or difficulty ; as, Facilis, levis, obvius, 

pervius. Difficilis, arduus, gravis, laboriosus, peri- 

culosus, invius. To these add such as signify pro- 
pensity or readiness ; as, P r onus, pro cllvis, propensus, 
promptus, paratus. t . 

8. Of equality or inequality ; as, JEqualis, cequcevus, 

par, compar, suppar. Inequdlis, impar, dispar, dis- 

cors. Also of likeness or unlikeness ; as, Similis, 

(BmuhiSy geminus. Dissimilis, absonus, alienus, di- 

versus, discolor. 

9. Several adjectives compounded with CON ; as, 
Cogndtus, concolor\ concors, confinis, congruus, consan- 
guineus, conscntaneus, consbnus, conveniens, contiguus, 
continuus, conttnens, contiguous ; as, Mari aer conti- 
nens est, Cic. 

To these add many other adjectives of various sig- 
nifications, as, Obnoxius, subjectus, supplex, credulus, 
absurdus, decorus, deformis, prcesto, indecl. at hand, 
secundus, &c. 

Verbals in bilis and dus govern the da- 
tive; as, 

Amandus vel amabUis omnibus. To be loved by all men. 

Obs. 1. The dative is properly not governed by 
adjectives, nor by any other part of speech ; but put 
11* 



126 GOVERNMENT OF ADJECflVESi 

after them, to express the object to which their signi- 
fication refers. 

The particle to in English is often to be supplied; 
as, Similis patri, Like his father, to being understood, 

Obs. 2. Substantives have likewise sometimes a 
dative after them ; as, Hie est pater, dux, vel films 
mihi, He is father, leader, or son to me. 

Obs. 3. The following adjectives have sometimes 
the dative after them, and sometimes the genitive ; 
Affinis, similis, communis, par, proprius, fiiitimus, 
jidus, conterminus, superstes, conscius, cequdlis, contra- 
rius, and adversus ; as, Similis tibi, or tui; Superstes 
patri, or patris ; Consents facinori or facinoris. Con- 
sents and some others frequently govern both the 
genitive and dative ; as, Mens sibi conscia recti. We 
say, Similes, dis similes, pares, disp&res, cequales, com- 
munes, inter se : Par and communis cum aliquo. Civi~ 
tas secum ipsa discors ; discordes ad alia. 

Obs. 4. Adjectives signifying usefulness or fitness,, 
and the contrary, have after them the dative or the 
accusative with a preposition. 

Obs. 5. Adjectives signifying motion or tendency 
to a thing, have usually after them the accusative 
with the preposition ad or in, seldom the dative ; as, 
Pronus, propensus, proclivis, celer, tardus, piger, &c. 
ad iram, or in iram. 

Obs. 6. Propior and proximus, in imitation of their 
primitive prope, often govern the accusative ; as, Pro- 
pior montem, scil. ad. Proximus Jinem. 

3. Adjectives governing the Ablative* 

XIII. These Adjectives, digms, indignus^ 
contentus, pmditus, captus, m&fretus ; also> 



GOVERNMENT OP VERBS. 127 

natus, satus, ortus, edttus, and the like, gov- 
ern the ablative ; as, 

JDignus honor e, Worthy of honor. 

Contentus parvo, Content with little. 

Prceditus virtute, Endued with virtue. 

Captus oculis, Blind. 

Fretus viribus, Trusting to his strength. 

Ortus regions, Descended of kings. 

4. Adjectives governing the Genitive or Ablative. 

XIV. Adjectives of plenty or want govern 
the genitive or ablative ; as, 

Plenus ires or ird, Full of anger. 

Inops rationis or ratione, Void of reason. 

III. The Government of Verbs. 

§ 1. Verbs governing only one case. 

1. Verbs which govern the Genitive. 

XV. Sum, when it signifies possession, 
property, or duty, governs the genitive ; as, 

Est regis, It belongs to the king ; It is the part or property of the 

king. 

fl Meum, tuum, suum, nostrum, vestrum, are except- 
ed ; as, 

Tuum est, It is your duty. Scio tuum esse, I know that it is your 
duty. 

Obs. These possessive pronouns are used in the 
neuter gender instead of their substantives, mei, tui 9 
sui, nosiri, vestru Other possessives are also con- 
strued in this manner ; as Est regium, est humdnum* 



128 GOVERNMENT OF VERBS. 

the same with est regis, est hominis. Et facer e et pati 
fortia, Romanum est. 

XVI. Misereor, miseresco, and satago, 
govern the genitive ; as, 

Miserere civium tuorum, Pity your countrymen. 

c . « .. _ C He has his hands full at home, or has 

Satdgit return suarum, < u + j u * u« xr • 

° ' ( enough to do about his own affairs. 

2. Verbs governing the Dative. 

XVII. Any verb may govern the dative in 
Latin, which has the signs TO or FOR after 
it in English; as, 

Finis venit imperio, An end is come to the empire. 

Animus redit hostlbus, Courage returns to the enemy. 
Tibiseris,tibi metis, { Y ™ ^™J° l yomsM, you reap for 

i. Sum, and its compounds govern the da- 
tive (except possum) ; as, 

Prcefuit exercitui, He commanded the army. 

Adfuit precibus, He was present at prayers. 

H EST taken for Habeo, to have> governs 
the dative of a person ; as, 

Est mihi liber, A book is to me ; that is, 1 have a book. 

Sunt mihi libri, Books are tome; i. e. I have books. 

Dico libros esse mihi, I say that I have books. 

This is more frequently used than habeo librnm ; 
habeo libros. In like manner deest instead of careo; 
as, Liber deest mihi, I want a book ; Libri desunt 
mihi ; Scio libros deesse mihi 9 &c. 

ii. Verbs compounded with satis, bejnte, 
and male, govern the dative ; as, 

Satisfacio, satisdo, benefacio, bencdico } bcncvdlo, mahfacio, 
maledlcOf tibi, &c. 



GOVERNMENT OP VERBS. 129 

in. Many verbs compounded with these 
ten prepositions, ad, ante, cojv, in - , inter, 
ob, post, pitiE, sur, and super, govern the 
dative. 

iv. Verbs govern the dative which sig- 
nify, 

1. To profit or hurt. 

2. To favor or assist, and the contrary. 

3. To command and obey, and to serve and resist. 

4. To threaten and be angry. 

5. To trust. 

Exc. Jubeo, juvOy Icedo, and offendo, govern the 
accusative. 

Obs. 1. Verbs governing the dative only are eith- 
er neuter verbs, or of a neuter signification. Active 
verbs governing the dative have also an accusative 
expressed or understood. 

Obs. 2. Verbs signifying Motion or Tendency to a 
thing, are construed with the preposition ad. 

3. Verbs governing the Accusative. 

XVIIL A Verb signifying actively governs 
the accusative ; as, 

Ama Deum, Love God. 

Reverere parentes, Reverence your parents. 

Obs. 1. Neuter verbs also govern the accusative, 
when the noun after them has a signification similar 
to their own ; as, 

Ire iter or mam ; Pugndre pugnam or prcdium 



130 GOVERNMENT OF VERBS. 

Obs. 2. Several verbs are used both in an active 
and neuter sense. 

XIX. Recordofj memini, reminiscor, and 
obliviscor, govern the accusative or genitive ; 
as, 

Recordor lectionis or lectionem, I remember the lesson. 
Obliviscor injuria or injuriam, I forget the injury. 

4. Verbs governing the Ablative. 

XX. Verbs of plenty and scarceness for 
the most part govern the ablative ; as, 

Abundat divitiis, He abounds in riches. 

Caret omni culpd, He has no fault. 

Verbs of plenty are, Abundo, affluo, ezubero, re- 
dundo, suppedito, scateo, &c. ; of want, Careo, egeo, 
indigeo, vaco, dejicior, destituor, &c. 

Obs. Egeo and indigeo frequently govern the 
genitive ; as, Eget czris, He needs money ; tarn artis 
indigent , quam laboris. 

XXI. Utor, abutor, fruor, fungor, potior, 
vescor, govern the ablative; as, 

Utitur fraude, He uses deceit. 

Abutitur libris, He abuses books. 

To these add, gaudeo, creor, nascor,Jido, vivo, vie- 
tito, consto, laboro for male me habeo, to be ill ; pas- 
cor 9 epulor, nitor } &c. 

Obs. 1. Potior often governs the genitive; as, 
Potlri urbis. And we always say, Potiri rerum, 
to possess the chief command, never rebus; imperio 
being understood. 



GOVERNMENT OF VERBS. 131 

Obs. 2. Potior, fung or, vescor, epulor, and pascor, 
sometimes have an accusative. 

§ 2. Verbs governing two Cases. 

1. Verbs governing two Datives. 

XXII. Sum taken for affero (to bring) 
governs two datives, the one of a person, and 
the other of a thing ; as, 

Est mihi voluptati, It is, or brings a pleasure to me. 

^ Two datives are also put after habeo, do, verto, re- 
Enquo, tribuo,fore, duco, and some others; as, 

Ducitur hotwri tibi, It is reckoned an honor to you. 

% Verbs governing the Accusative and the Genitive. 

XXIII. Verbs of accusing, condemning, 
acquitting, and admonishing, govern the ac- 
cusative of a person with the genitive of a 
thing; as, 

Arguit mefurti, He accuses me of theft. 

Meipsum inertia condemno, I condemn myself of laziness 

Ilium homicidii absolvunt, They acquit him of manslaughter 

Monet me officii, He admonishes me of my duty. 

XXIV. Verbs of valuing, with the accu- 
sative, govern such genitives as these, magni 
parvi, nihili ; as, 

JEstimo te magni, I value you much.* 

* Verbs of valuing are, JEstimo, existimo, ducojacio, habeo, 
pendo, puto taxo. They govern several other genitives; as 
tanti, quanti, pluris major is, minoris, minimi, plurimi, maximi, 
nauci, pik, assis, nihili, teruncii, hujus. W*-T? 



132 GOVERNMENT OF VERBS. 

3. Verbs governing the Accusative and Dative. 

XXV. Verbs of comparing, giving, declar- 
ing, and taking awa}^ govern the accusative 
and dative ; as, 

Compdro Virgilium Homero, I compare Virgil to Homer. 
Suum cuique tribuito, Give every one his own. 

Narras fabulam surdo, You tell a story to a deaf man. 

Eripuit me morti. He rescued me from death. 

Or rather, — Any active verb may 

GOVERN THE ACCUSATIVE AND THE DATIVE 

(when, together with the object of the action, 
we express the person or thing with relation 
to which it is exerted) ; as, 

Legam lectionem tibi, 1 will read the lesson to you. 

Emit librum mihi, He bought a book for me. 

Obs. Verbs signifying motion or tendency to a 
thing, instead of the dative, have an accusative after 
them, with the preposition ad. 

4. Verbs governing tivo Accusatives. 

XXVI. Verbs of asking and teaching gov- 
ern two accusatives, the one of a person, and 
the other of a thing ; as, 

Poscimus te pacem. We beg peace of thee. 

Docuit me grammaticam, He taught me grammar. 

Verbs of asking which govern two accusatives 
are, Rogo, oro, exoro, obsecro> precor, posco, reposco 9 
jlagito, &,c. Of teaching, Doceo, edoceo, dedoceo, 
erudio. 



GOVERNMENT OP VERBS. 133 

Veto likewise governs two accusatives ; as, Celavit 
' me hanc rem, He concealed this matter from me ; or 
otherwise, celavit hanc rem mihi, or celavit me de 
hac re. 

•5. Verbs governing the Accusative and the Ablative. 

XXVII. Verbs of loading, binding, cloth- 
ing, depriving, and some others, govern the 
accusative and the ablative ; as, 

Onerat naves auro, He loads the ships with gold. 

The Construction of Passive Verbs. 

XXVIII. When a verb in the active voice 
governs two cases, in the passive it retains 
the latter case ; as, 

Accusor furti, I am accused of theft. 

Virgilius comparatur Homero, Virgil is compared to Homer. 

Doceor grammaticam, I am taught grammar. 

JVavis oneratur auro, The ship is loaded with gold. 

Obs. 1. Passive verbs are commonly construed 
with the ablative and the preposition a ; as, 

Tu lauddris a me, which is equivalent to Ego laudo te. 

Obs. 2. Passive verbs sometimes govern the da- 
tive, especially among the poets ; as, 

JVeque cernitur ulU, for ab ullo, Virg. Vix audior ulli, Ovid. 
The Construction of Impersonal Verbs. 

XXIX. An Impersonal Verb governs the 
dative ; as, 

Expedit reipublica, It is profitable for the state. 

Verbs which in the active voice govern only the 
12 



134 GOVERNMENT OP VERBS. 

dative, are used impersonally in the passive, and 
likewise govern the dative ; as, 

Favetur mihi, I am favored, and not, Egofaveor. 

Obs. These verbs Potest, ccepit, incipit, desinit, 
debet, and solet, are used impersonally, when joined 
with impersonal verbs ; as, 

JYbn potest credi tibi, You cannot be believed. 

EXC. I. REFERT and INTEREST require 
the genitive ; as, 

Refert Patris, It concerns my father. 

Interest omnium, It is the interest of all. 

lj But mea, tua, sua, nostra, vestra, are put in the 
accusative plural neuter ; as, 

JVbn mea refert, It does not concern me. 

EXC. II. These five, MISERET, P(ENITET 
PUDET, TMDET, and PIGET, govern the ad 
cusative of a person, with the genitive of a thing ; as, 

Miseret me tux, I pity you. 

Pcenitet me peccdti, I repent of my sin.' 

Tcedet me vitce, I am weary of my life. 

Pudet me culpa, I am ashamed of my fault. 

EXC. III. DECET, DELECTAT, JUVAT, 
and OPORTET, govern the accusative of a per- 
son, with the infinitive; as, 

Delectat me studere, It delights me to study. 

JVbn decet te rixari, It does not become you to scold, 

Obs. Oportet is elegantly joined with the sub- 
junctive mode, ut being understood ; as, 

Sibi quisque consulat oportet. Or with the perfect participle, 
esse or fuisse being understood; as, Communicatum oportuit ; 
mansum oportuit; Jldolescenti morem gestum oportuit; The 
young man should have been humored. 



construction of participles, &/c. 135 

The Construction of the Infinitive. 

XXX. One verb governs another in the 
infinitive ; as, 

Cupio discere, I desire to learn. 

Obs. The infinitive is often governed by adjec- 
tives ; as, Horatius est dignus legi. And sometimes 
depends on a substantive; as, Tempus equumfuman- 
tia solvere colla. 

The Construction of Participles, Gerunds, and 
Supines. 

XXXI. Participles, Gerunds, and Supines, 
govern the case of their own verbs ; as, 

Amans virtutem, Loving virtue. 

Carens fraude, Wanting guile. 

Obs. Passive Participles often govern the dative, 
particularly when they are used as adjectives ; as, 
Suspectus mihi, Suspected by me. 

EXOSUS, PEROSUS, and often also PER- 
THES US, govern the accusative ; as, Tcedas exosa 
jug dies. 

Verbals in bundus govern the case of their own 
verbs : as, Gratulabundus patrice. 

The Construction of Gerunds. 

XXXII. Gerunds are constructed like sub- 
stantive nouns ; as, 

Studendum est mihi, I must study. 

Tempus studendi, Time of study. 

Aptus studendo, Fit for studying. 

Scio studendum esse mihi, I know that I must study. 



136 CONSTRUCTION OP GERUNDS. 

But more particularly : 

I. The Gerund in dum with the verb est governs 
the dative ; as, 

Legendum est mihi, I must read. 

Moriendum est omnibus, All must die. 

So Scio legendum est mihi ; moriendum esse omnibus, &c. 

II. The gerund in di is governed by substantives 
or adjectives ; as, 

Tempus legendi, Time of reading". 

Cupidus discendi, Desirous of learning. 

III. The gerund in do in the dative case is gov- 
erned by adjectives signifying usefulness or fitness ; 
as, 

Charta utilis scribendo, Paper useful for writing. 

IV. The gerund in dum of the accusative case is 
governed by the prepositions ad or inter ; as, 

Promptus ad audiendum, Ready to hear. 

Attentus inter docendum, Attentive in time of teaching. 

V. The gerund in do of the ablative case 
is governed by the prepositions, a, ab, de, e, 
ex 9 or in ; as, 

Poena a peccando absterret, Punishment frightens from sinning. 

* Or without a preposition, as the ablative 
of manner or cause ; as, 

Memoria excolendo augetur, The memory is improved by exer- 
cising it. 
Defessus sum ambulando, I am wearied with walking. 

Gerunds turned into participials in dus. 

XXXVI. Gerunds governing the accusa- 
tive are elegantly turned into participials in 



CONSTRUCTION OF INDECLINABLE WORDS. 137 

dus (called Gerundives), which, like adjec- 
tives, agree with their substantives in gender, 
number, and case ; as, 

By the Gerund, s - n By the Par. or Gerundive. 

Petendum est mihi pacem, \ § "3 / P ax esi petenda mihi. 
Tempus petendi pacem, < g g V Tempus petendce pads. 
Ad petendum pacem, J u cr I Ad pet endam pacem. 

A petendo pacem, \ ° & J A petendd pace. 

Obs. In changing gerunds into participials in dus, 
the participial and the substantive are always to be 
put in the same case in which the gerund was. 

The Construction of Supines. 
1. The Supine in urn. 

XXXVII. The supine in urn is put after 
a verb of motion ; as, 

Abiit deambuldtum, He hath gone to walk, 

2. The Supine in u. 

XXXVIII. The supine in u is put after an 
adjective noun ; as, 

Facile dictu, Easy to tell, or to be told. 

The Construction of Indeclinable Words. 

I. The Construction of Adverbs. 

XXXIX. Adverbs qualify verbs and par- 
ticiples, adjectives, and other adverbs ; as, 

Bene scribit, He writes well. 

Sertms egregiefidelis, A slave remarkably faithful. 

Fortlter pugnans, Fighting bravely. 

Satis bene, "Well enough. 

12* 



138 CONSTRUCTION OP PREPOSITIONS. 

Obs. 1. Adverbs are sometimes likewise joined to 
substantives ; as, Homerus plane orator. 

Obs. 2. The adverb for the most part in Latin, 
and always in English, is placed near to the word 
which it modifies or affects. 

Obs. 3. Two negatives, both in Latin and English, 
are equivalent to an affirmative ; as, Nee non sense- 
runt y Nor did they not perceive ; that is,, lit sense?- 
runt, And they did perceive. 

The Government of Adverbs. 

XL. Some Adverbs of time, place, and 
quantity, govern the genitive ; as, 

Pridie ejus diei, The day before that day. 

Ublque gentium, Every where. 

Satis est verborum, There is enough of words. 

Obs. En and ecce are construed either with the 
nominative or accusative ; as, En hostis, or hostem ; 
Ecce miserum hominem. 

XLL Some derivative adverbs govern the 
case of their primitives ; as, 

Omnium optime loquitur, He speaks the best of all. 

Convenienter naturce, Agreeably to nature. 

Venit obviam ei, He came to meet him. 

Proxime castris or castra, Next the camp. 

II. The Construction op Prepositions. 

PREPOSITIONS governing the Ace. and Abh 

XLIV. The prepositions in, sub, super r 
and subter, govern the accusative when mo- 
tion to a place is signified ; but when motion 
or rest in a place is signified, in and sub gov- 



CONSTRUCTION OF PREPOSITIONS. 139 

ern the ablative, super and subter either the 
accusative or ablative. 

In when it signifies into, governs the ac- 
cusative ; when it signifies in or among, it 
governs the ablative. 

Obs. 1. Prepositions in English have always after 
them the accusative or objective case. And when 
prepositions in English or Latin do not govern a case, 
they are reckoned adverbs. 

Obs. 2. A and e are put only before consonants ; 
ab and ex, usually before vowels, and sometimes also 
before consonants. 

XLV. A preposition in composition often 
governs the same case as when it stands by 
itself; as, 

Adedmus scholam, Let us go to the school. 

Exedmus schold, Let us go out of the school. 

Obs. Some verbs compounded with e or ex, govern 
either the ablative or the accusative ; as, Egredi 
urbe or urbem, sc. extra ; egredi extra vallum. 

III. The Construction of Interjections. 

XL VI. The interjections, 0, heu, and 
proh, are construed with the nominative, ac- 
cusative, or vocative ; as, 

vir bonus or bone i O good man ! 

Heu me miserum ! Ah wretched me ! 

XL VII. Hei and vce govern the dative ; as, 

Hei mihi ! Ah me ! V<z vobis ! Wo to you ! 



140 CONSTRUCTION OP CIRCUMSTANCES, 

The Construction of Circumstances. 

The circumstances, which in Latin are ex- 
pressed in different cases, are, L The Price 
of a thing. 2. The Cause, manner, and In- 
strument. 3. Place. 4. Measure and Dis- 
tance. 5. Time. 

1. Price. 

XL VIII. The price of a thing is put in the 
ablative; as, 

Emi librum duobus assibus, I bought a book for two shillings, 
Constitit talento, It cost a talent. 

ff These genitives, tanti, quanti, pluris, minoris, 
are excepted ; as, 

Quanti constitit, How much cost it ? 

Asse et pluris, A shilling and more, 

2. Manner and Cause. 

XLIX. The cause, manner, and instru- 
ment are put in the ablative ; as, 

Palleo metu, I am pale for fear. 

Fecit suo more, He did it after his own way. 

Scribo caldmo, I write with a pen. 

3. Place. 

The circumstances of place may be redu- 
ced to four particulars. 1. The place ivhere, 
or in which. 2. The place whither, or to 
which. 3. The place whence, or from which. 
4. The place %, or through ivhich. 



CONSTRUCTION OP CIRCUMSTANCES. 141 

AT or IN a place is put in the genitive ; 
unless the noun be of the third declension, 
or of the plural number, and then it is ex- 
pressed in the ablative. 

TO a place is put in the accusative; 
FROM or BY a place in the ablative. 

1. The Place Where. 

L. When the place where or in which is 
spoken of, the name of a town is put in the 
genitive ; as, 

Vixit Romce, He lived at Rome. 

Mortuus est Londini, He died at London. 

fl But if the name of a town be of the third de- 
clension or plural number, it is expressed in the ab- 
lative ; as, 

Habitat Carthagine, He dwells at Carthage. 

Studuit Parisiis, He studied at Paris. 

Obs. When a thing is said to be done, not in the 
place itself, but in its neighbourhood, or near it, we 
always use the preposition ad or apud ; as, Ad or 
apud Trojam, At or near Troy. 

3. The Place Whither. 

LI. When the place whither, or to which, 
is spoken of, the name of a town is put in the 
accusative; as, 

Venit Romam, He came to Rome. 

Profectus est Mienas, He went to Athens. 

LII. When the place where, or from which, 
or the place by or through which, is spoken 



142 CONSTRUCTION OF CIRCUMSTANCES. 

of, the name of a town is put in the ablative ; 
as, 

Discessit Corintho, He departed from Corinth. 

Laodiced iterfaciebat, He went through Laodicea. 

LIIL Domus and rus are construed the 
same way as names of towns ; as, 

Manet domi, He stays at home. 

Domum revertitur, He returns home. 

Domo arcessltus sum, J am called from home. 

Vivit rure, or more frequently, ruri, He lives in the country. 
Rediit rure, He is returned from the 

country. 
Miit rus f He is gone to the country. 

Obs. Humi, militice, and belli, are likewise con* 
strued in the genitive, as names of towns; thus, 

Domi et militice, or belli, At home and abroad. 

LIV. To names of countries, provinces, 
and all other places, except towns, the pre- 
position is commonly added ; as, 

When the question is made by 

Ubi ? Natus in Italia, in Lectio, in urbe, &c. 

Quo 1 Abiit in Italiam, in Latium, in or ad urbcm, 
&0. 

Unde ? Rediit ex Italia, e Latio, ex urbe, &,c. 

Qua ? Transit per Italiam, per Latium, per urbem, 
&c. 

Obs. A preposition is often added to names of 
towns ; as, In Roma, for Romce ; ad Romam, ex Ro- 
ma, &,c. 

Peto always governs the accusative as an active 
verb, without a preposition ; as, Petivit Egyptum, 
He went to Egypt. 



CONSTRUCTION OF RELATIVES. 143 

4. Measure and Distance. 

LV. Measure or distance is put in the ac- 
cusative, and sometimes in the ablative ; as, 

Murus est decern pedes altus, The wall is ten feet high. 

Urbs distat triginta millia or > The . . ^ mileg d - 

trigmta mitiwus passuum, ) j j 

Iter, or itinere, unius diei, One day's journey. 

Obs. 1. The accusative or ablative of measure is put after 
adjectives and verbs of dimension; as, Longus, lotus, crassus, 
profundus, and alius : Patet,porrigitur, eniinet, &c. The names 
of measures aretes, cubitus, ulna, passus, digitus, an inch; 
palmus, a span, an hand-breadth, &c. The accusative or abla- 
tive of distance is used only after verbs which express motion 
or distance ; as, Eo, curro, absum, disto, &c. The accusative 
is governed by ad or per understood, and the ablative by a 
or ab. 

Obs. 2. The excess or difference of measure and distance is 
put in the ablative ; as, Hoc lignum excedit Mud digito* 

5. Time. 

LVL Time when is put in the ablative; 
as, 

Venit hord tertid, He comes at three o'clock. 

H Time how long is put in the accusa- 
tive or ablative, but oftener in the accusative ; 
as, 

Mansit paucos dies 9 He stayed a few days. 

Sex mensibus abfuit, He was away six months, 

Obs. When we speak of any precise time, it is put 
in the ablative ; but when continuance of time is ex- 
pressed, it is put for the most part in the accusative. 



COMPOUND SENTENCES. 

A compound sentence is that which has 
more than one nominative, or one finite verb. 



144 



CONSTRUCTION OF RELATIVES. 



A compound sentence is made up of two 
or more simple sentences or phrases, and is 
commonly called a Period. 

The parts of which a compound sentence 
consists, are called Members or Clauses. 

Sentences are compounded by means of relatives 
and conjunctions ; as, Happy is the man who loveth 
religion and practiseth virtue. 



THE CONSTRUCTION OF RELATIVES. 

LVIL The relative Qui, Qua, Quod, 
agrees with the antecedent in gender, num- 
ber, and person ; and is construed through 
all the cases, as the antecedent would be in 
its place ; as, 

Plural. 
Viri qui. 
Fcemince quce. 
JYegotia quce. 
JYos qui scribimus. 
Vos qui scribitis. 
Viri qui scribunt. 
Mulieres quce scribunt. 

Animalia quce currunt. 

Viri quos nidi. 

Mulieres quas vidi. 

Animalia quce vidi. 

Viri quibus paret. 

Viri quibus est siiriili s. 



Singular. 
Vir qui The man who. 

Fcerriina quce, The woman who. 

Negotium quod, The thing which. 
Ego qui scribo, I who write. 
Tu qui scribis, Thou who write st. 
Vir qui scribit, The man who writes, 
Mulier quce scribit, The woman who 

writes. 
Animal quod currit, The animal which 

runs. 
Vir quern vidi, The man whom I 

saw. 
Mulier quam vidi, The woman whom I 

saw. 
Animal quod vidi, The animal which I 

saw. 
Vir cui paret, The man whom he 

obeys. 
Vir cui est simllis, The man to whom 
he is like. 



CONSTRUCTION OF RELATIVES. 145 

Vir a quo, The man by whom. Viri a quibus. 

Mulier ad quam, The woman to Mulieres ad quas. 

whom. 
Vir cujus opus est, The man whose Viri quorum opus est. 

work it is. 
Vir quern miser e or, 

cujus misereor,ve\miseresco, | The man whom j p J ty . 
cujus me miseret, ) r f 

cujus vel cuja interest, &c. whose interest it is, &c. 

If no nominative come between the relative 
and the verb, the relative will be the nomina- 
tive to the verb. 

But if a nominative come between the re- 
lative and the verb, the relative will be of 
that case, which the verb or noun following, or 
the preposition going before, usually govern. 

Obs. 1. , The relative must always have an ante- 
cedent expressed or understood, and therefore may 
be considered as an adjective placed between two 
cases of the same substantive, of which the one is al- 
ways expressed, generally the former ; as, Vir qui 
(vir) legit; vir queffi (virum) amo : Sometimes the 
latter ; as, Quam quisque norit artem y in hac (arte) 
se exerceai. 

Obs. 2. When the relative is placed between two 
substantives of different genders, it may agree in 
gender with either of them, though most commonly 
with the former ; as, Vultus quern dixere chaos. 

Obs. 3. When the relative comes after two words 
of different persons, it agrees with the first or second 
person rather than the third ; as, Ego sum vir y qui 
facio, scarcely facit. 

Obs. 4. The antecedent is often implied in a; pos- 
sessive adjective ; as, Omnes laudare fortunas meaSy 
qui haberem gnatum tali irtgenio praditum* 
13 



146 CONSTRUCTION OF CONJUNCTIONS. 

To the construction of the Relative may be sub- 
joined that of the answer to a question. 

The answer is commonly put in the same case with 
the question ; as, Qui vocdre ? Geia, sc. vocor. Quid 
quceris ? Librum, sc. qucero. 

The Construction of Conjunctions. 

LVIIL The conjunctions et, ac, atque, nee, 
neque, aut, vel, and some others, couple sim- 
ilar cases and modes ; as, 

Honora patrem et matrem, Honor father and mother. 
Nee legit nee scribit, He neither reads nor writes. 

• LIX. Two or more substantives singular 
coupled by a conjunction, (as, et, ac, clique, 
&c.) have an adjective, verb, or relative plu- 
ral; as, 

Petrus et Joannes, qui sunt docti, Peter and John, who are learned. 

Obs. 1. If the substantives are of different persons, 
the verb plural must agree with the first person rath- 
er than the second, and with the second rather than 
the third ; as, Si tu et Tullia valetis, ego et Cice- 
ro valemus, If you and Tullia are well, I and Cicero 
are well. 

Obs. 2. If the substantives are of different gen- 
ders, the adjective or relative plural must agree with 
the masculine rather than the feminine or neuter ; 
as, Pater et mater qui sunt mortui. 

Obs. 3. If the substantives signify things without 
life, the adjective or relative plural must be put in 
the neuter gender; as, Divitice, decus, gloria, in ocu* 
lis sita sunt. 

Obs. 4. The adjective or verb frequently agrees 
with the nearest substantive or nominative, and is 
understood to the rest ; as, 

Et ego et Cicero, meus fiagitabit. 



CONSTRUCTION OF COMPARATIVES. 147 

Obs. 5. The plural is sometimes used after the 
preposition cum put for et ; as, 

Hemo cumfratre Quirinus jura dabunt. 

LX. The conjunctions at, quo, licet, ne, 
utinam, and dummodo, are for the most part 
joined to the subjunctive mode ; as, 

Lego ut discam. I read that I may learn. 

Utinam sapires, I wish you were wise. 

Obs. 1. All interogatives, when placed indefinitely, 
have after them the subjunctive mode. 

Obs. 2. After the verbs timeo, vereor, and the like, 
ut is taken in a negative sense for ne non, and ne in 
an affirmative sense ; as, 

Timeo nefaciat, I fear he will do it. 

Timeo ut faciat, I fear he will not do it. 

The Construction of Comparatives. 

LXL The comparative degree governs the 
ablative; as, 

Dulcior melle, Sweeter than honey. 

PrcBstantior auro } Better than gold. 

Obs. 1. The sign of the ablative in English is 
than. The positive with the adverb magis, likewise 
governs the ablative ; as, Magis dilecta luce. 

Obs. 2. The comparative degree may likewise be 
construed with the conjunction qudm, and then, in- 
stead of the ablative, the noun is to be put in what- 
ever case the sense requires ; as, 
Dulcior quam mel, scil. est. Amo te magis qu&m 
ilium, I love you more than him, that is, quam amo 
ilium, than I love him. 



148 ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE. 

Obs. 3. The conjunction qudm is often elegantly 
suppressed after amplius and plus ; as, 
Vulnerantur amplius sexcenti, scil. qudm. Plus quin- 
gentos coldphos infregit mihi, He has laid on me 
more than five hundred blows. Castra ab urbe liaud 
plus quinque millia passuum locant, sc. qudm. 

Qudm is sometimes elegantly placed between two 
comparatives ; as, 

Triumphus clarior qudm gratior. 
The Ablative Absolute. 

LXIL A Substantive and a participle are 
put in the ablative, when their case depends 
on no other word ; as, 

Soleoriente,fugiunt tenehrce, The sun rising-, or while the sun 

riseth, darkness flies away. 

Opere peracto, ludemus, Our work being finished, or when 

our work is finished, we will play. 

Obs. 1. This ablative is called Absolute, because 
it does not depend upon any other word in the sen- 
tence. 

Obs. 2. The perfect participles of deponent verbs 
are not used in the ablative absolute ; as, Cicero, lo- 
cutus licec, consedit ; never, his locutis. 

Obs. 3. The participle existente or existentibus is 
frequently understood ; as, Ccesare duce, scil. existen- 
te. His consullbus , scil. existentibus, 

Obs. 4. We sometimes find a substantive plural 
joined with a participle singular ; as, Nobis presente. 

Obs. 5. The ablative absolute may be rendered 
several different ways ; thus, Superb o regnante, is the 
same with cum 3 dim, or quando Superbus regnabat, 
Opere peracto is the same with Post opus per actum, 
or Cum opus est per actum. The present participle, 
when used in the ablative absolute, commonly ends 
in e. 



FIGURES OF SYNTAX. 

A Figure is a manner of speaking different from 
the ordinary and plain way, used for the sake of 
beauty or force. 

The figures of Syntax or Construction may be re- 
duced to these three, Ellipsis, Pleonasm, and Hy- 
perbdton. 

The two first respect the constituent parts of a 
sentence ; the last respects only the arrangement of 
the words. 

1. Ellipsis. 

ELLIPSIS is the want of one or more words to 
complete the sense; as, Aiunt , ferunt , dicunt, per- 
Inherit; scil. homines. 

2. Pleonasm. 

PLEONASM is the addition of a word more than 
is absolutely necessary to express the sense ; as, 
Video oculis, I see with my eyes : Sic ore locuta est. 

3. Hyperbaton. 

HYPERBATON is the transgression of that or- 
der or arrangement of words which is commonly 
used in any language. It is chiefly to be met with 
among the poets. The various sorts into which it is 
divided, are, Anastrophe, Hysteron proteron, Hypal- 
lage, Synchesis, Tmesis, and Parenthesis. 



13* 



150 QUANTITY OF SYLLABLES. 

PROSODY. 

THE QUANTITY OF SYLLABLES. 

That part of grammar which treats of the 
quantity and accent of syllables, and the 
measures of verse, is called Prosody. 

The quantity of a syllable is the space of 
time taken up in pronouncing it. 

Syllables with respect to their quantity, 
* are either long, or short, or common. 

A long syllable in pronouncing requires 
double the time of a short ; as, tendere. 

Some syllables are common ; that is, some- 
times long, and sometimes short; as the 
second syllable in volucris. 

A vowel is said to be long or short by na- 
ture, which is always so by custom, or by the 
use of the poets. 

In polysyllables, or long words, the last 
syllable except one is called the Penultima, 
or, by contraction, the Penult, and the last 
syllable except two, the Jlntepenultima or 
Antepenult. 

When the quantity of a syllable is not 
fixed by some particular rule, it is said to 
be long or short by authority ; that is, ac- 
cording to the usage of the poets. Thus le 
in lego is said to be short by authority, be- 
cause it is always made short by the Latin 
poets. 



QUANTITY OP SYLLABLES. 151 

In most Latin words of one or two sylla- 
bles, according to our manner of pronounc- 
ing, we can hardly distinguish by the ear a 
long syllable from a short. Thus le in lego 
and legi seem to be sounded equally long ; 
but when we pronounce them in composi- 
tion, the difference is obvious ; thus, perlego, 
.perlegi; relego, -ere; relego, -are, &lc. 

The rules of quantity are either General 
or Special. The former apply to all sylla- 
bles, the latter only to some certain syllables. 

GENERAL RULES. 

I. A vowel before another vowel is short; 
as, 

Meus, alius ; so, nihil; h in verse being considered 
only as a breathing. 

II. A vowel before two consonants, or 
before a double consonant, is long (by posi- 
tion, as it is called ;) as, 

drma, fdllo, axis, gdza, major; the compounds of 
jugum excepted ; as, bijugus, quadrijugus, &c. 

A vowel before a mute and a liquid is 
common ; 

as the middle syllable in volucris, tenebra, thus, 

Et primo similis volucri, mox vera volucris. 

Nox tenebras profert, Phoebus fugat inde tenebras. 

III. A contracted syllable is long ; as, 

mi for mihi ; nil for nihil ; cogo, for codgo ; alius, 
13t 



152 QUANTITY OF THE CREMENT OF NOUNS AND VERBS. 

for aliius'; tibicen, for tibiicen ; it, for lit ; sodes, for 
si audes ; nolo, for non volo ; bigce^ for bijugcB ; scili- 
cet, for scire licet, &c. 

IV. A diphthong is always long ; as, 

Aurum, Ccesar, Euboza, &c. Only prcs in composi- 
tion before a vowel is commonly short ; as, prceire, 
prceustus. 

SPECIAL RULES. 

I. First and Middle Syllables. 

V. Preterites of two syllables lengthen 
the former syllable ; as, Veni, vidi, vici. 

VI. Supines of two syllables lengthen 
the former syllable ; as, Vicurn, cdsurn, mo- 
turn. 

VII. Preterites which double the first syl- 
lable, have both the first syllables short. 

Increase of Nouns. 

A noun is said to increase, when it has more sylla- 
bles in any of the oblique cases than in the nomina- 
tive ; as, rex, regis. Here re is called the increase 
or crement, and so through all the other cases. The 
last syllable is never esteemed a crement. 

Some nouns have a double increase, that is, in- 
crease by more syllables then one; as, iter, itineris. 

A noun in the plural is said to increase, when in 
any case it has more syllables than the genitive sin- 
gular ; as, gener, generic generorum. 

Nouns of the first, fourth, and fifth declensions, do 
not increase in the singular number, unless where 
one vowel comes before another ; ns,fructus,fructui; , 
res, rei ; which fall under Rule I. 



THE QUANTITY OF FINAL SYLLABLES. 153 

VIII. Nouns of the third declension 
which increase, make a and o long ; e, i, 
and u short. 

IX. Nouns of the plural number which 
increase make a, e, and o long; but short- 
en i and u. 

Increase of Verbs. 

A verb is said to increase, when any part has more 
syllables than the second person singular of the pre- 
sent of the indicative active; as, amas, amamus, 
where the second syllable ma is the increase or ere- 
merit; for the last syllable is never called by that 

name. 

A verb often increases by several syllables ; as, 
amas, amdb&mini ; in which case it is said to have a 
first, second, or third increase. 

X. In the increase of verbs a, e, and 
o are long ; i and a, short. 

The first or middle syllables of words which do 
not come under any of the foregoing rules, are said 
to be long or short by authority ; and their quantity 
can only be discovered from the usage of the poets, 
which is the most certain of all rules. 

II. Final Syllables. 

XI. A in the end of a word declined by 
cases, is short, as, Musa, templa, Tydea, 
lamp a da. 

A in the end of a word not declined by cases is 
long*; as, Ama,frustra, pratered, ergd, intra. 

XII. E in the end of a word is short. 



154 VERSE. 

XIII. I final is long ; as, Domini, patri, doceri. 

XIV. O final is common ; as, Virgo, amo, quando. 

XV. U final is long ; Y final is short ; as, Vultu : 
Molp. 

XVI. B, D, jL, 2?, and T, in the end of a word, 
are short. 

XVII. C and N, in the end of a word, are long. 

XVIII. AS, ES, and OS, in the end of a word, 
are long ; as, Bids, quies, bonds. 

XIX. IS, US, and YS, in the end of a word are 
short. 

The last syllable of every verse is common. 

THE QUANTITY OF DERIVATIVE AND COMPOUND 
WORDS. 

XX. Derivatives follow the quantity of their pri- 
mitives. 

XXI. Compounds follow the quantity of the sim- 
ple words which compose them. 

VERSE. 

A verse is a certainnumber of long and 
short syllables, disposed according to rule. 

It is so called, because when the number 
of syllables requisite is completed, we al- 
ways turn back to the beginning of a new 
line. 

The parts into which we divide a verse, 
to see if it have its just number of syllables, 
are called Feet. 

A verse is divided into different feet, ra- 
ther to ascertain its measure of a number 
of syllables, than to regulate its pronuncia- 
tion. 



division of the roman months. 155 

Feet. 
Poetic feet are either of two, three, or four sylla- 
bles. When a single syllable is taken by itself, it is 
called a Ccesura, which is commonly a long syllable. 

1. Feet of Two Syllables. 
Spondeus, consists of two long ; as, omnes, 
Pyrrhichius, two short ; as, deus. 

Iambus, a short and a long ; as, amans, 

Trochceus, a long and a short ; as, servus. 

2. Feet of Three Syllables. 
Dactylus, a long and two short ; as, scri- 

bere. 
AnapcBstus, two short and a long ; as, pzetas. 

Amphimdcer, a long, a short, and a long ; as, 

choir it as. 
Tribrachys, three short ; as, dominus. 

SCANNING. 
The measuring of verse, or the resolving of it into 
the several feet of which it is composed, is called 
Scqnning. 

The Hexameter or heroic verse consists of six feet. 
Of these the fifth is a dactyle, and the sixth a spondee : 
all the rest may be either dactyles or spondees ; as, 

Ludere I quae vel- | lem cala- | mo psr- | mlsTt a- | grestl. Virg. 
Infan- | durnRe- | glna iu- | besreno- | vare do- | lorem. Id. 



DIVISION OF THE ROMAN MONTHS. 
The Romans divided their months into three parts, 
by * Kalends, Nones, and Ides. The first day of every 

* Kalends, or Calends, is derived from Calo, -are, to call. In 
the infancy of Rome, a priest summoned the people together in 
the Capitol, on the first day of the month, or of the new moon, 
and called over the days that intervened between that and the 
Nones. In later times the Fasti, or Calendar, used to be put up 
in public places. 

The Nones [Nona] are so called, because they are nine days 
from the Ides. Ides [Idus], from the obsolete verb Iduare } to 
divide, because they divide the month neady equally. 



156 DIVISION OF THE ROMAN MONTHS. 

month was called the Kalends ; the fifth day was call- 
ed the Nones ; and the thirteenth day was called the 
Ides ; except in the months of March, May, July, and 
October, in which the nones fell upon the seventh day, 
and the ides on the fifteenth. 

In reckoning the days of their months, they count- 
ed backwards. Thus, the first day of January was 
marked Kalendis Januariis or Januarii, or by contrac- 
tion, Kal. Jan. The last day of December, Pridie 
Kalendas Januarias, or Januarii, scil. ante* The day 
before that, or the 30th day of December, Tertio 
Kal. Jan. scil. die ante; or Ante diem tertium Kal. 
Jan. The twenty-ninth day of December, Quarto 
Kal. Jan. And so on, till they came back to the 
thirteenth day of December, or to the ides, which were 
marked Idibus Decembribus or Decembris : the day 
before the ides, Pridie Idas Dec. scil. ante: the day 
before that, Tertio Id. Dec. and so back to the nones, 
or the fifth day of the month, which was marked No- 
nis Decembribus or Decembris : the day before the 
nones, Pridie Non. Dec* &c. and thus through all the 
months of the year. 

Junius, Aprilis, SEPTEMque, NovEMque tricenos; 
Unum plus reliqui ; Februus tenet octo viginti ; 
At si bissextus fuerit, superadditur unus. 
Tu primam mensis lucem die esse kalendas. 
Sex Maids, nonas October, Julius, et Mars, 
Quatuor at reliqui; dabit idus quilibet octo. 
Omnes post idus luces die esse kalendas ; 
Nomen sortiri debent a mense sequenti. 

t Thus, the 14th day of April, Jane, September, and 
November, was marked XVIII. Kal. of the following 
month; the 15th, XVII. Kai. &c. The I4th day of 
January, August, and December, XIX. Kal. fee. So 
the lGth day of March, May, July, and October, was 
marked XVII. Kal. &c. And the 14th day of Feb- 



DIVISION OF THE ROMAN MONTHS. 



157 



ruary, XVI. Kal. Martii or Martlas. The names of 
all the months are used as Substantives or Adjectives, 
except fiprilis, which is used only as a Substantive. 

In Leap year, that is, when February has twenty- 
nine days, which happens every fourth year, both the 
24th and the 25th days of that month were marked. 
Sexto Kalendas Martii or Martias ; and hence this 
year is called Bis extilis. 

TABLE. 





Mar. Mai. 
Jul. Oct. 


Jan. Aug. 
Dec. 


Apr. Jun. 
Sep. Nov. 


Februarius. 


1 


Kalendae. 


Kalendas. 


Kalendae. 


Kalendae. 


2 


6° Nonas. 


4° Nonas. 


4° Nonas. 


4° Nonas. 


3 


5 Nonas. 


3 Nonas. 


3 Nonas. 


3 Nonas. 


4 


4 Nonas. 


Pridie Nonas. 


Pridie Nonas. 


Pridie Nonas. 


5 


3 Nonas. 


Nonae. 


Nonae. 


Nonae. 


6 


Pridie Nonas. 


8° Idus. 


8° Idus. 


8° Idus. 


7 


Nonae. 


7 Idus. 


7 Idus. 


7 Idus. 


6 


8° Idus. 


6 Idus. • 


6 Idus. 


6 Idus. 


9 


7 Idus. 


5 Idus. 


5 Idus. 


5 Idus. 


10 


6 Idus. 


4 Idus. 


4 Idus. 


4 Idus. 


11 


5 Jdus. 


3 Idus. 


3 Idus. 


3 Idus. 


12 


4 Idus. 


Pridie Idus. 


Pridie Idus. 


Pridie Idus. 


13 


3 Idus. 


Idus. 


Idus. 


Idus. 


14 


Pridie Idus. 


19° Kalendas. 


18° Kalendas. 


16° Kalendas. 


15 


Idus. 


18 Kal. 


17 Kal. 


15 Kal. 


16 


17 y Kalendas. 


17 Kal. 


16 Kal. 


14 Kal. 


17 


16 Kal. 


\6 Kal. 


15 Kal. 


13 Kal. 


18 


15 Kal. 


15 Kal. 


14 Kal. 


12 Kal. 


19 


14 Kal. 


14 Kal. 


13 Kal. 


11 Kal. 


20 


13 Kal. 


13 Kal. 


12 Kal. 


10 Kal. 


21 


12 Kal. 


12 Kal. 


11 Kal. 


9 Kal. 


22 


11 Kal. 


11 Kal. 


10 Kal. 


8 Kal. 


23 


10 Kal. 


10 Kal. 


9 Kal. 


7 Kal. 


i>4 


9 Kal. 


9 Kal. 


8 Kal. 


6 Kal. 


25 


8 Kal. 


8 Kal. 


7 Kal. 


5 Kal. 


2(5 


7 Kal. 


7 Kal. 


6 Kal. 


4 Kal. 


27 


6 Kal. 


6 Kal. 


5 Kal. 


3 Kal. 


28 


5 Kal. 


5 Kal. 


4 Kal. 


Pridie Kal. 


29 


4 Kal. 


4 Kal. 


3 Kal. 




30 


3 Kal. 


3 Kal. 


Pridie Kal. 




31 


Pridie Kal. 


Pridie Kal. 







158 DIVISION OF THE ROMAN MONTHS. 

The Romans, counting in the day on which they 
dated, called the second day before the Kalends, 
Nones, or Ides, tertio, and so on. And, as the Kalends 
are not the last day of the current month, but the 
first day of the month following ; we must take this 
additional day into consideration in acommodating 
our calendar to their dates ; according to the follow 
ing method : 

Rule. Add one to the number of the Nones and 
Ides, and two to the number of days in the month for 
the Kalends, then subtract the number of the day : 
e. g. to find the Roman date of the 21st July ; to 31, 
add 2,-33 ; from this take 21, the day of the month, 
and the remainder, 12, is the Roman date. 12mo 
Kal. Aug. 



Finis. 




<$ 




£m\ \.J>* .-iaSfefc %..*+/& 



«/» &> « x . *v. * • • • *c> o. 









<} ^V *+*<ulr&* Deacidified using the Bookkeeper process 

<0 ^ * # , n * * <^ Neutralizing agent: Magnesium Oxide 

!y *«**# ^ <N Treatment Date: July 2006 

•*^&°° ^^ o* PreservationTechnologies 

* l£SS$r-*VZ>7 * * A W0RLD LEADER IN PAPER PRESERVATION 






A WORLD LEADER ... 

1 1 1 Thomson Park Drive 
Cranberry Township, PA 16066 
(724)779-2111 



>'** **b 








A^V-TO^V 









W 



"*<? 



W 



/\ ; «W?-- y*« -.|SK- /\ 






A °^ -I 






0o ^O^v >v 




<^..;ia:.*% 















